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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003631
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
..., cavitation and water drop impingement, and corrosion fatigue. It describes the factors affecting the severity of fretting corrosion. The article also illustrates the relationship between corrosion fatigue and stress-corrosion cracking. mechanically assisted degradation corrosion wear fatigue...
Book Chapter

By Robert J.K. Wood
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006378
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... Abstract Liquid impingement erosion has been defined as progressive loss of original material from a solid surface due to continued exposure to impacts by liquid drops or jets. This article focuses on the core nature of erosion by liquid impingement, due to the greater appreciation...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005816
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... by the impingement of a quenchant medium on a hot metal surface. Some of these processes have obvious differences, while others are similar and differ only in degree. Examples include the addition of droplets of water (or other volatile liquids) to a gas quenching stream in fog quenching ( Ref 1 ); quenching...
Book Chapter

By N. Fujisawa, R. Morita
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006796
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... direction change, such as an elbow, downstream of a valve and orifice, or at a T-junction. Moreover, even if the flow is a single-phase water flow, droplet impingement may occur downstream of the valve or orifice due to flashing when the local pressure is lower than the vapor pressure. Erosion-rate...
Book Chapter

By Thomas A. Adler
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003568
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
.... These include cavitation erosion, liquid impingement erosion, and solid particle erosion. Cavitation erosion is due to the formation and collapse, within a liquid, of cavities or bubbles that contain vapor or gas or both. Liquid impingement erosion is due to impacts by liquid drops or jets. Solid impingement...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003669
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
.... The test apparatus, test specimens, reference materials, calculations, and data interpretation are detailed in Ref 8 . ASTM G 73 ASTM G 73 provides guidelines for liquid drop or jet impingement testing that, in addition to evaluating the resistance of metals, can be used to evaluate the degradation...
Book Chapter

By Mahmoud Abdelfattah, Mohamed S. Hamed
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4F
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v4F.a0007012
EISBN: 978-1-62708-450-5
... the heat transfer performance for multi-nozzle spray cooling system for various working fluids (FC-87, FC-72, methanol, and water) ( Ref 11 ). They agreed with the aforementioned works that volumetric flow rate or pressure drop dominated the heat transfer and CHF. Estimation of Heat Transfer...
Book Chapter

By Maksim Antonov
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006795
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... erosion. Cavitation erosion is due to the formation and collapse, within a liquid, of cavities or bubbles that contain vapor or gas or both. Liquid impingement erosion is due to impacts by liquid drops or jets. Solid impingement erosion is due to impacts by solid particles. Impingement also connotes...
Book Chapter

By Stanley Zinn
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005862
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... hardening polymer quenching quenchants quenching quenching oils residual stress spray quenching steel water quenching INDUCTION HEATING for the hardening of steels has advantages from standpoint of quenching, because parts are individually processed in a controlled manner. This permits...
Book Chapter

By Peter Elliott
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003969
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... degradation Erosion Forms of Mechanically Assisted Degradation (section on Erosion) 322 Fretting Forms of Mechanically Assisted Degradation (section on Fretting Corrosion) 324 Cavitation; water drop impingement Forms of Mechanically Assisted Degradation (section on Cavitation Erosion...
Book Chapter

By Phillip Daniel
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004154
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... concentration of free chelant and dissolved oxygen or polymer. Especially susceptible surfaces include flow impingement areas of feedwater piping, riser tubes, and cyclone steam/water separators. Affected areas are often dark colored and have the appearance of uniform thinning or flow-accelerated corrosion...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4F
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v4F.a0007011
EISBN: 978-1-62708-450-5
... of the process requirements and safety concerns (in contrast to the great majority of IH applications), formation of any martensite in the as-hardened structure is not permitted when hardening carbon steel rails for railways. Water mist and gaseous quenchants, including forced air and hot steam, may be used...
Book Chapter

By David Lee
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005734
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... There are four distinct forms of erosive wear: Dry solid particle erosion Liquid droplet erosion Cavitation erosion Slurry erosion Dry Solid Particle Erosion Dry solid particle erosion (also referred to as blast erosion) is caused by repetitive impingement of solid particles against...
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005286
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... over the surface of the mold or through passages in the mold directly impinges on the ingot surface. Fig. 4 Vertical direct chill casting. (a) General arrangement of process. (b) Mold assembly. Source: Ref 1 , 2 Water-cooling patterns may be complex. In some cases, the mold...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006485
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... water flowing over the surface of the mold or through passages in the mold directly impinges on the ingot surface. Fig. 4 Vertical direct chill casting. (a) General arrangement of process. (b) Mold assembly. Source: Ref 1 , 2 Water-cooling patterns may be complex. In some cases...
Book Chapter

By Robert J. Franco
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001817
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... and flowed in accordance with cooling demand. Under these circumstances, deposits would form on, or particles would drop on, the inner surfaces of the horizontal tubes. Conclusions The tubing failed by crevice corrosion. Particles of dirt in the river water were deposited inside the tubes during...
Book Chapter

By Weimin Gao, Lingxue Kong, Peter Hodgson
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005794
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... of the bed to extract the heat removed from the load being quenched to maintain bed temperature is performed by external water jackets or internal tubing. This section briefly considers some of the important aspects of equipment design. Gas Distributor The gas distributor (also called a grid) induces...
Book Chapter

By Yan-Ming Chen
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003569
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... apparatus. ASTM Standard G 73 ASTM Standard G 73 provides guidelines for liquid drop impingement testing that, in addition to evaluating the resistance of metals, can be used to evaluate the degradation of optical properties of window materials and the destruction of coatings by the impinging liquid...
Book Chapter

By R.H. Richman
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003570
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
...-impact erosion is caused by continued impingement of liquid droplets, usually water moving at high relative velocities (>50 m/s, or >164 ft/s). Because water droplets cannot move at high velocities without breaking up, the practical problem of liquid-droplet erosion arises when a solid body moves...
Book Chapter

By Dusan P. Sekulic
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006813
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... be expected in corrosion of a copper alloy exposed to aerated natural water. Flow of cooling water from the river through the tubes was not uniform but ebbed and flowed in accordance with cooling demand. Under these circumstances deposits would form on, or particles would drop on, the inner surfaces...