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water as a quenchant
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water as a quenchant
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Published: 01 June 2016
Fig. 13 Cooling curves and temperature difference across a 76.2 mm (3 in.) diameter 7075 alloy probe with quenchant flow of 0.25 m/s (50 ft/min). (a) Water quenchant at 60 and 32 °C (140 and 90 °F). (b) Water quenchant and 25% PQ90 quenchant at 32 °C (90 °F). Source: Ref 15
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Published: 30 November 2018
Fig. 6 Cooling curves and temperature difference across a 76.2 mm (3 in.) diameter 7075 alloy probe with quenchant flow of 0.25 m/s (50 ft/min). (a) Water quenchant a 60 and 32 °C (140 and 90 °F). (b) Water quenchant and 25% PQ90 quenchant at 32 °C (90 °F). Source: Ref 5
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Published: 01 February 2024
Fig. 21 Effect of agitation on the through-hardening of SNCM 21 steel using oil and water quenchants. (a) Cooling rate at 550 °C (1020 °F) for water. (b) Cooling rate at 550 °C (1020 °F) for oil. (c) Hardness profile for water. (d) Hardness profile for oil
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Published: 01 February 2024
Fig. 23 Fully automated single-part processing IQ-3 system equipped with a controlled atmosphere rotary hearth furnace, pick-and-place device part transfer automation, and a water quenchant chiller
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006506
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
.... It discusses the quenchants that are used in quenching aluminum alloys, namely, hot or cold water and polyalkylene glycol. The article also describes the racking practices for controlling distortion and the level of residual stresses induced during the quench. aluminum alloys distortion solution heat...
Abstract
The fundamental objective of quenching is to preserve, as nearly as possible, a metastable solid solution formed at the solution heat treating temperature, by rapidly cooling to some lower temperature, usually near room temperature. This article provides an overview of the factors used to determine a suitable cooling rate and the appropriate quenching process to develop a suitable cooling rate. It discusses the three distinct stages of quenching: vapor stage, boiling stage, and convection stage. The article reviews the factors that affect the rate of cooling in production operations. It discusses the quenchants that are used in quenching aluminum alloys, namely, hot or cold water and polyalkylene glycol. The article also describes the racking practices for controlling distortion and the level of residual stresses induced during the quench.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005932
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... Abstract This article describes various quenchants, namely, water and inorganic salt solutions, polymers (polyvinyl alcohol, polyalkylene glycol, polyethyl oxazoline, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and sodium polyacrylates), quench oils, and molten salts, which are used for heat treatment of ferrous...
Abstract
This article describes various quenchants, namely, water and inorganic salt solutions, polymers (polyvinyl alcohol, polyalkylene glycol, polyethyl oxazoline, polyvinyl pyrrolidone and sodium polyacrylates), quench oils, and molten salts, which are used for heat treatment of ferrous alloys. It also provides information on the steps for controlling quenching performance for polymer quenchants and oils with an emphasis on measuring quenchant performance, safety measures, and oxidation.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4F
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v4F.a0007000
EISBN: 978-1-62708-450-5
... was a 10% solution of “as-received” PAG quenchant concentrate diluted with ion exchanged water. The properties of the quenchant are provided in Table 1 . When the quenching medium was heated to 30 °C (86 °F), propeller rotation was initiated at rotation speeds of 400 and 800 rpm. Property of the heat...
Abstract
Flow visualization is an important characterization process to not only understand uniformity of the interfacial cooling mechanisms, but also to characterize the overall impact of agitation on the uniformity of the overall cooling process. This article focuses on thermal flow simulation and visualization in the quenching process. The study presents the effect of bubbling, boiling, and breaking the steam film on the heat-transfer coefficient during the agitated quenching process.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.a0006260
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
... be controlled by proper racking. It concludes with information on agitation and the quench tank system used in the quenching of aluminum alloys. agitation system aluminum alloys cooling rate immersion water quenching polyalkylene glycol polymer quenchants quench sensitivity quench severity quench...
Abstract
Quenching refers to the rapid cooling of metal from the solution treating temperature, typically between 465 and 565 deg C (870 and 1050 deg F) for aluminum alloys. This article provides an overview on the appropriate quenching process and factors used to determine suitable cooling rate. It describes the quench sensitivity and severity of alloys, quench mechanisms and the different types of quenchants used in immersion, spray, and fog quenching. The article provides a detailed description of the quench-factor analysis that mainly includes residual stress and distortion, which can be controlled by proper racking. It concludes with information on agitation and the quench tank system used in the quenching of aluminum alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005862
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... hardening polymer quenching quenchants quenching quenching oils residual stress spray quenching steel water quenching INDUCTION HEATING for the hardening of steels has advantages from standpoint of quenching, because parts are individually processed in a controlled manner. This permits...
Abstract
Induction heating for hardening of steels has advantages from the standpoint of quenching because parts are individually processed in a controlled manner. This article provides information on the effect of agitation, temperature, hardening, residual stresses, and quenching media, on quenching. It also describes various quenching methods for steel induction heat treating, namely, spray quenching, immersion quenching, self or mass quenching, and forced air quenching. The article also reviews quench system design and quenchants and their maintenance.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005816
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... by the impingement of a quenchant medium on a hot metal surface. Some of these processes have obvious differences, while others are similar and differ only in degree. Examples include the addition of droplets of water (or other volatile liquids) to a gas quenching stream in fog quenching ( Ref 1 ); quenching...
Abstract
Spray quenching refers to a wide variety of quenching processes that involve heat removal facilitated by the impingement of a quenchant medium on a hot metal surface. This article provides information on the basic concepts of spray quenching, and discusses the most commonly used techniques in quench tank agitation to establish uniformity of the quenched part. Common techniques include quenchant stirring, quenchant circulation, and submerged jet/spray mixing. The article also describes the effect of quenching agitation and reviews heat-transfer characteristics of immersion quenching and spray quenching with water.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4F
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v4F.a0007010
EISBN: 978-1-62708-450-5
... processing using high-velocity water flow IQ units. This article presents a detailed description of IQ technology, related equipment, and IQ applications. A review of intensive quench system design and processing is provided, including numerical design criteria, steel selection, quenchants, properties...
Abstract
Intensive quenching (IQ) is an alternative method of hardening steel parts. Two types of IQ methods are used in heat treating practice: IQ-2 and IQ-3. IQ-2 is implemented in IQ water tanks, which are usually used for batch quenching of steel parts. IQ-3 is conducted in single-part processing using high-velocity water flow IQ units. This article presents a detailed description of IQ technology, related equipment, and IQ applications. A review of intensive quench system design and processing is provided, including numerical design criteria, steel selection, quenchants, properties (especially optimal residual stress profiles). Several specific applications of intensive quenching are also provided.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005923
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... of similar shape from a continuous hardening furnace. Parts fall from the furnace belt through the quenchant and onto a conveyor belt that transports them from the quenching tank. Quenchant may be water or oil. Source: Ref 2 Additional controls of the quenching operation are required for mass...
Abstract
Quenchant agitation can be obtained by circulating quenchant in a quench tank through pumps and impellers. The selection of the agitation method depends on the tank design, type and volume of the quenchant, part design, and the severity of quench required. This article describes flow measurement methods, temperature control, materials handling, and filtration processes during the agitation process. The maintenance of quenching installations is also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4F
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v4F.a0007006
EISBN: 978-1-62708-450-5
... that transports them from the quenching tank. Quenchant may be water or oil. Source: Ref 2 Additional controls of the quenching operation are required for mass production of parts through a continuous carburizer. Plants involved in heat treating rear and front axle assemblies, gears, stem pinions...
Abstract
Agitation is one of the most critical areas of quench system design. This article provides an overview of the impact of agitation on quench uniformity, followed by a general discussion of the selection and use of various types of agitators, including recirculation pumps, jet mixers, forced air (sparging), and impellers. A brief overview of heat-exchanger types and their selection criteria is also provided, along with simplified calculations for approximating heat-exchange requirements. The methods of selecting a quenchant are provided. Recommendations for system maintenance are also described. Much effort is placed on the proper design of the furnace for temperature and atmosphere uniformity, proper temperature control, and exact carbon potential. However, the design of the quench tank can have a drastic effect on the overall system performance, with proper design ensuring proper mechanical properties (hardness, strength, and fracture toughness) as well as distortion control.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4F
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v4F.a0007014
EISBN: 978-1-62708-450-5
... Abstract This article presents a detailed discussion on the characteristics, types, properties, quenchants, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of various types of quenching: air quenching, water quenching, rinse quenching, time quenching, press quenching, delayed quenching, fluidized...
Abstract
This article presents a detailed discussion on the characteristics, types, properties, quenchants, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of various types of quenching: air quenching, water quenching, rinse quenching, time quenching, press quenching, delayed quenching, fluidized-bed quenching, ultrasonic quenching, intercritical quenching, subcritical quenching, ausbay quenching, hot isotactic press quenching, slack quenching, differential quenching, and double quenching.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.9781627081665
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4F
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v4F.a0007003
EISBN: 978-1-62708-450-5
... anecdotally, about quenching selection and practice from prior to 800 A.D. to ~1500 A.D. ( Ref 1 ). Although cold water was a common quenchant, it reportedly caused brittle steel problems. However, it was reported that these problems could be solved by mixing water and various animal and plant materials...
Abstract
This article presents the fundamentals and nomenclature of polymer quenchants and provides a detailed discussion on the polymers used for quenching formulation. The article describes the effect of polymer structure on the quenching mechanism. It also presents the factors affecting polymer quenchant performance. The article details the use of polymer quenchants for intensive quenching and then focuses on the wire patenting processes and polymer quenchant analysis. The article presents the application of polymer quenchants for induction hardening. Finally, it provides details on cooling curve analysis of polymer quenchants.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005824
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... quenchants polyvinyl alcohol polyvinyl pyrrolidone quenching steel QUENCHING OF STEEL is the rapid cooling of steel from a suitable elevated temperature. This generally is accomplished by immersion of the hot steel into a vaporizable fluid such as water; petroleum, vegetable, or animal oil; aqueous...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of common quenching media, the factors involved in the mechanism of quenching, and process variables, namely, surface condition, mass and section size of the workpiece, and flow rate of the quenching liquid. It describes the methods of quenchant characterization using hardening-power and cooling-power tests. The article discusses the fundamentals involved in heat-transfer coefficient and heat flux of quenching processes. This discussion is followed by various actual examples of applications of these methods using simplified equations. Quenchant evaluation, classification, selection, and maintenance are reviewed in detail. The article addresses the various reasons for quench oil variability and complications due to aging and contamination.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4F
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v4F.9781627084505
EISBN: 978-1-62708-450-5
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005924
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
.... coil characterization coil selection cooling water induction coils induction heat treating induction power supplies work-handling equipment INDUCTION HEATING has many different applications, such as melting, heating stock for forging, and heat treating. Surface hardening of steel is the most...
Abstract
Induction heating has many different applications, such as melting, heating stock for forging, and heat treating. This article begins with a discussion on the types of power supplies, namely, solid-state power supplies and oscillator tubes. It provides information on system elements, including cooling systems, power supplies, heat stations, work handling fixtures, induction or work coils, and quench systems. The article discusses the influence of system elements on induction heat treating system design. It also deals with the general theory, types, and applications of induction coils.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005820
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... of salt quenching including considerations of time, temperature, environment, and safety, as well as critical characteristics such as the composition of the quenchant, agitation, and water additions. chemical analysis environmental safety salt quenching THE USE OF MOLTEN SALTS...
Abstract
Molten salt, including nitrite/nitrate salts, is the quenching medium most commonly used in austempering and marquenching of ferrous materials. This article describes the use of molten salts in the quenching of ferrous materials. It provides information on the processing and operation of salt quenching including considerations of time, temperature, environment, and safety, as well as critical characteristics such as the composition of the quenchant, agitation, and water additions.
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