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Image
Published: 30 November 2018
Fig. 6 Effect of typical warm forming temperatures on strain-hardening exponent of various aluminum alloys. Source: Ref 4
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005893
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
...; and Class 600, ammonia base. These are subclassified and numerically designated to indicate variations in the method by which they are prepared. The article also contains a table that lists significant furnace atmospheres and typical applications. heating modes hot forming induction heating...
Abstract
This article describes the effects of furnace atmospheric elements, including air, water vapor, molecular nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide, on steels. It provides useful information on six groups of commercially important prepared atmospheres classified by the American Gas Association on the basis of the method of preparation or on the original constituents employed. These groups are designated and defined as follows: Class 100, exothermic base; Class 200, prepared nitrogen base; Class 300, endothermic base; Class 400, charcoal base; Class 500, exothermic-endothermic base; and Class 600, ammonia base. These are subclassified and numerically designated to indicate variations in the method by which they are prepared. The article also contains a table that lists significant furnace atmospheres and typical applications.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005141
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... used in the forming. It also analyzes the various forming processes of aluminum alloys. The processes include blanking and piercing, bending, press-brake forming, contour roll forming, deep drawing, spinning, stretch forming, rubber-pad forming, warm forming, superplastic forming, explosive forming...
Abstract
This article discusses the general formability considerations of aluminum alloys. To conduct a complete analysis of a formed part, the required mechanical properties, as determined by several standard tests, must be considered. The article describes tension testing and other tests designed to simulate various production forming processes, including cup tests and bend tests, which help in determining these properties. It provides information on the equipment and tools, which are used in the forming of aluminum alloys. The article presents a list of lubricants that are most widely used in the forming. It also analyzes the various forming processes of aluminum alloys. The processes include blanking and piercing, bending, press-brake forming, contour roll forming, deep drawing, spinning, stretch forming, rubber-pad forming, warm forming, superplastic forming, explosive forming, electrohydraulic forming, electromagnetic forming, hydraulic forming, shot peening, and drop hammer forming.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006527
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
..., and kinematic incremental sheet forming. The article concludes with a discussion on spinning, warm forming, and superplastic forming. aluminum alloys bendability compression bending deep drawing formability forming hydroforming roll bending sheet forming spinning ALUMINUM and its alloys...
Abstract
Aluminum and its alloys are among the more formable materials of commonly fabricated metals. This article discusses the formability, bendability, and springback of aluminum and its alloys. It describes the forming limit diagrams that illustrate the biaxial combinations of strain that can occur without splitting. The article reviews various bending methods, such as draw, compression, ram and press, roll, and stretch or tension bending. It describes the process variations of incremental sheet forming (ISF), such as single-point incremental forming, two-point incremental forming, and kinematic incremental sheet forming. The article concludes with a discussion on spinning, warm forming, and superplastic forming.
Image
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 44 Heated die system for warm stamping of aluminum alloys. (a) Schematic diagram of warm forming dies. (b) Schematic of formed sheet part. (c) Chrysler Neon door inner panel successfully formed at 350 °C (660 °F) using aluminum 5182 plus manganese sheet
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Image
Published: 30 November 2018
Fig. 18 Heated die system for warm stamping of aluminum alloys. (a) Schematic diagram of warm forming dies. (b) Schematic of formed sheet part. (c) Chrysler Neon door inner panel successfully formed at 350 °C (660 °F) using aluminum alloy 5182 plus manganese sheet. Source: Ref 7
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Image
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 46 The quick plastic forming (QPF) process can be run with integrally heated dies as for warm forming applications.
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005884
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
..., and copper alloys. aluminum alloys carbon steel copper alloys hot forging microalloyed steel stainless steel superalloys titanium alloys warm forming The warm and hot working of metals provides the ability to shape these important materials into component shapes that are useful...
Abstract
The warm and hot working of metals provide the ability to shape important materials into component shapes that are useful in a variety of applications requiring strength, toughness, and ductility. This article focuses on a variety of metals that can be hot or warm worked, and describes the characteristics and processing considerations of each metal. It discusses forging because it is a versatile metalworking process and performed at cold, warm, and hot working temperatures. The article also presents the applications of steels, stainless steels, aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, superalloys, and copper alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005100
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... led to a boom in the sheet-metal rolling and forming industries, first for steel and then for aluminum. More recently, warm and superplastic forming techniques for aluminum and magnesium sheet alloys have been developed and implemented in the automotive and other industries. Furthermore...
Abstract
Sheet forming comprises deformation processes in which a metal blank is shaped by tools or dies, primarily under the action of tensile stresses. This article discusses the classification of sheet-forming processes for obtaining desired dimensional features. It describes different process-related developments, namely, superplastic forming of aluminum, forming of tailor-welded blanks, rubber-pad forming, and high-velocity metal forming. The article explains cost-effective approaches of evaluating tooling designs prior to the manufacture of expensive steel dies and dieless forming techniques such as thermal forming and peen forming. It provides information on the application of advanced high-strength steels, magnesium alloys, and various ultrafine-grain materials for superplastic sheet forming. The article concludes with information on the development and application of simulation, design, and control of sheet-forming processes.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005885
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... heating microstructure warm forming A DETAILED DESCRIPTION of the steels used in forging and other warm and hot working processes is provided in ASM Handbook , Volume 14A, Metalworking— Bulk Forming . This article focuses on the specific features of steels that are pertinent to heating...
Abstract
This article focuses on the specific features of carbon steels and alloy steels that are pertinent to heating by induction for warm and hot working processes. It provides a detailed account of the effects of various microstructures on austenitization kinetics for AISI 1045 steels. The article explains the factors to be considered for induction heating of various steel alloys. It describes the temperature and compositional issues that should be considered in the forging of steels that are induction heated.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004032
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
.... Applications Applications of interest include warm extrusion and forging, hot forging of steel, hot forging of aluminum, isothermal and hot die forging, and extrusion of steel. Lubrication in Warm Extrusion and Forging <xref rid="a0004032-ref37" ref-type="bibr">(Ref 37)</xref> Warm forming covers...
Abstract
This article lists functions of lubricants common to the majority of applications and processes. It discusses the lubricant candidates widely used in forging: conversion coatings with soaps (stearate compounds) and molybdenum disulfide for cold forging; oil-based thick, film oil or polymerbased lubricants and molybdenum disulfide for warm application; graphite suspensions in oil or water for hot forging steels; and glass films for titanium and superalloys hot forgings. The article describes the applications of lubricants in warm extrusion and forging, hot forging of steel, hot forging of aluminum, isothermal and hot die forging, and the extrusion of steel.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006518
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... Abstract This article introduces the basic characteristics, processes, and product forms associated with the five major categories of aluminum wrought products, namely, flat-rolled products (sheet, plate, and foil); rod, bar, and wire; tubular products; profiles; and forgings. It summarizes...
Abstract
This article introduces the basic characteristics, processes, and product forms associated with the five major categories of aluminum wrought products, namely, flat-rolled products (sheet, plate, and foil); rod, bar, and wire; tubular products; profiles; and forgings. It summarizes the various product forms in which commonly used wrought aluminum alloys are available. The article also provides design guidelines for aluminum extrusions and discusses various forming methods.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004004
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... materials selection nut formers parts formers process sequence design punches reverse forming size drawing surface finish tolerance transfer headers upset diameter ratio upset length ratio upset strain warm heading workability COLD HEADING is a forming process of increasing the cross...
Abstract
Cold heading is typically a high-speed process where a blank is progressively moved through a multi-station machine. This article discusses various cold heading process parameters, such as upset length ratio, upset diameter ratio, upset strain, and process sequence design. It describes the various components of a cold-heading machine and the tools used in the cold heading process. These include headers, transfer headers, bolt makers, nut formers, and parts formers. The article explains the operations required for preparing stock for cold heading, including heat treating, drawing to size, machining, descaling, cutting to length, and lubricating. It lists the advantages of the cold heading over machining. Materials selection criteria for dies and punches in cold heading are also described. The article provides examples that demonstrate tolerance capabilities and show dimensional variations obtained in production runs of specific cold-headed products. It concludes with a discussion on the applications of warm heading.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005139
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
..., a resolution-hardening heat treatment is required to return the alloys to maximum corrosion resistance. The forming of higher-carbon martensitic alloys is normally restricted to blanking, piercing, and mild bending. These steels are sometimes formed warm. Warm forming can also be used to advantage with other...
Abstract
This article discusses the selection of types of stainless steel for various methods of forming based on the formability and on the power required for forming. It reviews the requirements of lubrication, blanking, and piercing. The article describes various forming methods, namely, press-brake forming, press forming, multiple-slide forming, deep drawing, spinning, rubber-pad forming, drop hammer forming¸ three-roll forming, contour roll forming, stretch forming, and bending of tubing.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003809
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... foaming is preferable to stamping. In cases where hard finishes in conjunction with tight radii (high flexibility) are required, prepainted strip can be warm formed. In warm forming, the paint is heated to or above its glass transition temperature range. At these temperatures, the paint is softer and more...
Abstract
This article describes the paint systems generally used to protect steel structures, steel sheet, and bridges from corrosion, and how they deter corrosion. It provides a discussion on the basic design criteria of steel structures for corrosion protection. The article also explains the differences between prepaint and postpaint, and the steps involved in prepaint processing of steel. It presents the selection guideline for paint system evaluation. The advantages of corrosion protection are also discussed.
Image
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 48 Aft closure, for a guided missile, that was superplastically formed at 815 °C (1500 °F) from a 1.6% C ultrahigh-carbon steel. The processing procedure consisted of warm pressing (800 °C, or 1470 °F) liquid-atomized powders into a billet and forging the resulting billet into plate
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005147
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
...-temperature superplasticity or warm forming of sheet is gaining a great deal of attention for its potential for rapid forming at slightly elevated temperatures. Grain refinement to ultrafine grain sizes (<2 to 3 μm, or 80 to 120 μin.) is becoming more commonplace to permit high ductility. This is currently...
Abstract
This article discusses many of the processes and related considerations involved in the forming of superplastic sheet metal parts. It reviews the requirements for superplasticity and describes the characteristics of superplastic metals. The characterization of superplastic behavior includes the characterization of plastic flow, internal cavitation, and fracture behavior. Processing variables needed for the overall characterization of superplastic behavior are summarized. The article discusses the superplastic forming methods, namely, blow forming, vacuum forming, thermoforming, deep drawing, superplastic forming/diffusion bonding, forging, extrusion, and dieless drawing. It provides information on superelastic forming equipment and tooling. The article explains the thinning characteristics and quick plastic forming and its technological elements. It describes the manufacturing practice of the process. The article concludes with a discussion on the superplastic behavior in iron-base alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003990
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... Abstract Radial forging is a hot- or cold-forming process that uses two or more radially moving anvils or dies to produce solid or tubular components with constant or varying cross sections along their lengths. This article focuses on the workpiece configuration, workpiece materials, machines...
Abstract
Radial forging is a hot- or cold-forming process that uses two or more radially moving anvils or dies to produce solid or tubular components with constant or varying cross sections along their lengths. This article focuses on the workpiece configuration, workpiece materials, machines, dies, advantages, and limitations of radial forging. It concludes with a discussion on the applications of radial forging.
Image
Published: 01 January 1996
Fig. 18 Fatigue crack growth rates for Type 301 stainless steel in the annealed and warm worked conditions, in air and argon environments, and at temperatures from −30 to +95 °C (−22 to +203 °F). These results were obtained on compact specimens 7 mm (0.28 in.) thick at a cyclic frequency of 20
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Image
Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 9 Nucleation of grain-boundary voids (cavitation) and triple-point cracks at warm and hot working temperatures. (a) Schematic illustration showing how grain-boundary voids are formed under the action of matrix deformation and how grain-boundary sliding in the absence of grain-boundary
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