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Book Chapter

Void Analysis of Composite Materials

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By Brian S. Hayes, Luther M. Gammon
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009078
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract Voids in fiber-reinforced composite materials are areas that are absent of the composite components: matrix (resin) and fibers. Voids have many causes but generally can be categorized as voids due to volatiles or as voids that result from entrapped air. This article describes...
Abstract
Voids in fiber-reinforced composite materials are areas that are absent of the composite components: matrix (resin) and fibers. Voids have many causes but generally can be categorized as voids due to volatiles or as voids that result from entrapped air. This article describes the analysis of various types of voids. It reviews techniques for analysis of voids at ply-drops, voids due to high fiber packing, and voids that occur in honeycomb core composites. The final section of the article discusses void documentation through the use of nondestructive inspection techniques and density/specific gravity measurement methods.
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Image

Microstructure, linked voids, and split grain boundaries in the failed outl...

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in Failures of Pressure Vessels[1] > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 31 Microstructure, linked voids, and split grain boundaries in the failed outlet header shown in Fig. 30 . 400× More
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Voids formed by methane in a carbon steel exposed to a hydrogen atmosphere ...

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in Examination of Damage and Material Evaluation > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 41 Voids formed by methane in a carbon steel exposed to a hydrogen atmosphere at high temperature. The carbides in the pearlite have been eliminated by reaction with the hydrogen. Courtesy of Dr. T.L. da Silveira, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil More
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Light micrographs depicting (a) excessive and (b) low relief around voids i...

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in Metallographic Techniques in Failure Analysis > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 22 Light micrographs depicting (a) excessive and (b) low relief around voids in a braze between an austenitic stainless steel and Monel. The specimen was etched with glyceregia. More
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(a) Cold shut voids (A, B) and flow lines (C, D) both caused by failure of ...

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in Failures Related to Casting > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 22 (a) Cold shut voids (A, B) and flow lines (C, D) both caused by failure of the streams of molten metal to merge, at the cast surface (E) of an alloy 384-F die casting. 0.5% hydroflouric acid. 53× (b) Gate area (A) of an alloy 413-F die casting that has a cold shut void (B) and a region More
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Section through an automatic gas tungsten arc weld containing voids caused ...

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in Failures Related to Welding > Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 20 Section through an automatic gas tungsten arc weld containing voids caused by incomplete fusion. (a) Base metal at left is Incoloy 800 nickel alloy, that at right is 2.25Cr-1.0Mo alloy steel. Filler metal was ERNiCr-3, used with cold wire feed. Macrograph. 1×. (b) Micrograph More
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Coating section cross section showing embedded voids

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in Pipeline Industry Coatings > Protective Organic Coatings
Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 13 Coating section cross section showing embedded voids More
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Large voids in AISI 4340 linked by narrow void sheets consisting of small m...

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in Micromechanisms of Monotonic and Cyclic Crack Growth > Fatigue and Fracture
Published: 01 January 1996
Fig. 8 Large voids in AISI 4340 linked by narrow void sheets consisting of small microvoids. (a) Section through the necked region of a 4340 steel specimen showing the formation of a voids sheet between two voids formed at larger inclusions. (b) Schematic of nucleation at smaller particles More
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Nucleation of grain-boundary voids (cavitation) and triple-point cracks at ...

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in Workability in Forging[1] > Metalworking: Bulk Forming
Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 9 Nucleation of grain-boundary voids (cavitation) and triple-point cracks at warm and hot working temperatures. (a) Schematic illustration showing how grain-boundary voids are formed under the action of matrix deformation and how grain-boundary sliding in the absence of grain-boundary More
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Photomicrograph of voids at grain boundaries from intergranular creep cavit...

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in Field Metallography Techniques > Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 2 Photomicrograph of voids at grain boundaries from intergranular creep cavitation. More
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Finite-element modeling in ABAQUS showing the formation of voids on the adv...

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in Fundamentals of Friction Stir Welding > Welding Fundamentals and Processes
Published: 31 October 2011
Fig. 14 Finite-element modeling in ABAQUS showing the formation of voids on the advancing trailing side of the weld. Source: Ref 39 More
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Effect of pressure on the presence of voids at the band interface of a tita...

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in Fundamentals of Diffusion Bonding[1] > Welding Fundamentals and Processes
Published: 31 October 2011
Fig. 3 Effect of pressure on the presence of voids at the band interface of a titanium alloy diffusion bonded at temperatures of 980 °C (1795 °F) for 2 h. (a) Incomplete bond at 7.0 MPa (1.0 ksi). (b) Complete bond at 10.0 MPa (1.5 i) More
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Backlight test cuopons. (a) Showing pinpoints voids. (b) Showing total elec...

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in Electroless Copper Plating > Surface Engineering
Published: 01 January 1994
Fig. 7 Backlight test cuopons. (a) Showing pinpoints voids. (b) Showing total electroless copper coverage More
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Shrinkage voids between α-aluminum particles caused by insufficient feeding...

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in Metallography and Microstructures of Semisolid Formed Alloys > Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 20 Shrinkage voids between α-aluminum particles caused by insufficient feeding in an as-formed 356 component. Sample prepared by polishing to a 1μm finish on a diamond wheel and etched with a 0.5% HF solution. Courtesy of the Industrial Materials Institute, National Research Council More
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Voids found in a glass fiber composite cross section due to solvents from m...

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in Introduction—Composite Materials and Optical Microscopy[1] > Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 7 Voids found in a glass fiber composite cross section due to solvents from manufacturing. Bright-field illumination, 10× objective More
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Voids in a glass-fiber-filled engineering thermoplastic matrix. Transmitted...

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in Thin Section Preparation and Transmitted Light Microscopy for Fiber-Reinforced Composites[1] > Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 12 Voids in a glass-fiber-filled engineering thermoplastic matrix. Transmitted light, differential interference contrast, 40× objective More
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Voids in the interstitial areas of a plain weave carbon fiber composite. Br...

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in Void Analysis of Composite Materials[1] > Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 3 Voids in the interstitial areas of a plain weave carbon fiber composite. Bright-field illumination, 65 mm macrophotograph More
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Entrapped air voids in a tubular composite part made with unidirectional ca...

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in Void Analysis of Composite Materials[1] > Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 4 Entrapped air voids in a tubular composite part made with unidirectional carbon fiber prepreg. Slightly uncrossed polarized light, 10× objective More
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Voids due to entrapped air shown in the interlayer region of a tubular comp...

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in Void Analysis of Composite Materials[1] > Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 5 Voids due to entrapped air shown in the interlayer region of a tubular composite part. (a) Section polished on a tangent to the outer radius. Slightly uncrossed polarized light, 10× objective. (b) Section polished on a tangent to the interior radius showing a similar fiber angle More
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Voids in the interlayer region and at the ply-drop in the interior of a tub...

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in Void Analysis of Composite Materials[1] > Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 6 Voids in the interlayer region and at the ply-drop in the interior of a tubular composite part. Bright-field illumination, 10× objective More