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Book Chapter
Void Analysis of Composite Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009078
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract Voids in fiber-reinforced composite materials are areas that are absent of the composite components: matrix (resin) and fibers. Voids have many causes but generally can be categorized as voids due to volatiles or as voids that result from entrapped air. This article describes...
Abstract
Voids in fiber-reinforced composite materials are areas that are absent of the composite components: matrix (resin) and fibers. Voids have many causes but generally can be categorized as voids due to volatiles or as voids that result from entrapped air. This article describes the analysis of various types of voids. It reviews techniques for analysis of voids at ply-drops, voids due to high fiber packing, and voids that occur in honeycomb core composites. The final section of the article discusses void documentation through the use of nondestructive inspection techniques and density/specific gravity measurement methods.
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Microstructure, linked voids, and split grain boundaries in the failed outl...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 31 Microstructure, linked voids, and split grain boundaries in the failed outlet header shown in Fig. 30 . 400×
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Voids formed by methane in a carbon steel exposed to a hydrogen atmosphere ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 41 Voids formed by methane in a carbon steel exposed to a hydrogen atmosphere at high temperature. The carbides in the pearlite have been eliminated by reaction with the hydrogen. Courtesy of Dr. T.L. da Silveira, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Light micrographs depicting (a) excessive and (b) low relief around voids i...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 22 Light micrographs depicting (a) excessive and (b) low relief around voids in a braze between an austenitic stainless steel and Monel. The specimen was etched with glyceregia.
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(a) Cold shut voids (A, B) and flow lines (C, D) both caused by failure of ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 22 (a) Cold shut voids (A, B) and flow lines (C, D) both caused by failure of the streams of molten metal to merge, at the cast surface (E) of an alloy 384-F die casting. 0.5% hydroflouric acid. 53× (b) Gate area (A) of an alloy 413-F die casting that has a cold shut void (B) and a region
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Section through an automatic gas tungsten arc weld containing voids caused ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 20 Section through an automatic gas tungsten arc weld containing voids caused by incomplete fusion. (a) Base metal at left is Incoloy 800 nickel alloy, that at right is 2.25Cr-1.0Mo alloy steel. Filler metal was ERNiCr-3, used with cold wire feed. Macrograph. 1×. (b) Micrograph
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Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 13 Coating section cross section showing embedded voids
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Large voids in AISI 4340 linked by narrow void sheets consisting of small m...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1996
Fig. 8 Large voids in AISI 4340 linked by narrow void sheets consisting of small microvoids. (a) Section through the necked region of a 4340 steel specimen showing the formation of a voids sheet between two voids formed at larger inclusions. (b) Schematic of nucleation at smaller particles
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Nucleation of grain-boundary voids (cavitation) and triple-point cracks at ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2005
Fig. 9 Nucleation of grain-boundary voids (cavitation) and triple-point cracks at warm and hot working temperatures. (a) Schematic illustration showing how grain-boundary voids are formed under the action of matrix deformation and how grain-boundary sliding in the absence of grain-boundary
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Photomicrograph of voids at grain boundaries from intergranular creep cavit...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 2 Photomicrograph of voids at grain boundaries from intergranular creep cavitation.
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Finite-element modeling in ABAQUS showing the formation of voids on the adv...
Available to PurchasePublished: 31 October 2011
Fig. 14 Finite-element modeling in ABAQUS showing the formation of voids on the advancing trailing side of the weld. Source: Ref 39
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Effect of pressure on the presence of voids at the band interface of a tita...
Available to PurchasePublished: 31 October 2011
Fig. 3 Effect of pressure on the presence of voids at the band interface of a titanium alloy diffusion bonded at temperatures of 980 °C (1795 °F) for 2 h. (a) Incomplete bond at 7.0 MPa (1.0 ksi). (b) Complete bond at 10.0 MPa (1.5 i)
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Backlight test cuopons. (a) Showing pinpoints voids. (b) Showing total elec...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1994
Fig. 7 Backlight test cuopons. (a) Showing pinpoints voids. (b) Showing total electroless copper coverage
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Shrinkage voids between α-aluminum particles caused by insufficient feeding...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 20 Shrinkage voids between α-aluminum particles caused by insufficient feeding in an as-formed 356 component. Sample prepared by polishing to a 1μm finish on a diamond wheel and etched with a 0.5% HF solution. Courtesy of the Industrial Materials Institute, National Research Council
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Voids found in a glass fiber composite cross section due to solvents from m...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 7 Voids found in a glass fiber composite cross section due to solvents from manufacturing. Bright-field illumination, 10× objective
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Voids in a glass-fiber-filled engineering thermoplastic matrix. Transmitted...
Available to Purchase
in Thin Section Preparation and Transmitted Light Microscopy for Fiber-Reinforced Composites[1]
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 12 Voids in a glass-fiber-filled engineering thermoplastic matrix. Transmitted light, differential interference contrast, 40× objective
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Voids in the interstitial areas of a plain weave carbon fiber composite. Br...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 3 Voids in the interstitial areas of a plain weave carbon fiber composite. Bright-field illumination, 65 mm macrophotograph
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Entrapped air voids in a tubular composite part made with unidirectional ca...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 4 Entrapped air voids in a tubular composite part made with unidirectional carbon fiber prepreg. Slightly uncrossed polarized light, 10× objective
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Voids due to entrapped air shown in the interlayer region of a tubular comp...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 5 Voids due to entrapped air shown in the interlayer region of a tubular composite part. (a) Section polished on a tangent to the outer radius. Slightly uncrossed polarized light, 10× objective. (b) Section polished on a tangent to the interior radius showing a similar fiber angle
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Voids in the interlayer region and at the ply-drop in the interior of a tub...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 6 Voids in the interlayer region and at the ply-drop in the interior of a tubular composite part. Bright-field illumination, 10× objective
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