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ASM International Committee on Nondestructive Testing of Composites , R.H. Bossi, D.E. Bowles, Y. Bar-Cohen, T.E. Drake ...
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void documentation
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009078
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... the analysis of various types of voids. It reviews techniques for analysis of voids at ply-drops, voids due to high fiber packing, and voids that occur in honeycomb core composites. The final section of the article discusses void documentation through the use of nondestructive inspection techniques and density...
Abstract
Voids in fiber-reinforced composite materials are areas that are absent of the composite components: matrix (resin) and fibers. Voids have many causes but generally can be categorized as voids due to volatiles or as voids that result from entrapped air. This article describes the analysis of various types of voids. It reviews techniques for analysis of voids at ply-drops, voids due to high fiber packing, and voids that occur in honeycomb core composites. The final section of the article discusses void documentation through the use of nondestructive inspection techniques and density/specific gravity measurement methods.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001478
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
..., defined, and documented, and it must be shown that the assembly, as designed, can be manufactured to the stated requirements. In other words, a supplier, either in-house or a subcontractor, has to show an ability to manufacture and inspect the assembly with acceptable yields on a production basis...
Abstract
This article outlines the requirements and methods associated with the inspection of brazements. It emphasizes the incorporation of these requirements into the overall quality system. The article reviews the acceptance limits, design limitations, and nondestructive and destructive inspection techniques involved in the brazement inspection. Selected case studies are also provided for further reference.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009083
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... polarized light void content THE HONEYCOMB SANDWICH STRUCTURE COMPOSITE is a very efficient and complex structure widely used in the aircraft industry ( Ref 1 , 2 ). Honeycomb-cored sandwich panels increase part stiffness at a lower weight than monolithic composite materials. By imitating the natural...
Abstract
Honeycomb-cored sandwich panels increase part stiffness at a lower weight than monolithic composite materials. This article illustrates an area of a honeycomb-cored sandwich structure composite cross section that is viewed using transmitted polarized light. This area shows the differences in the constituents and resin intermingling. The article discusses the factors that govern the honeycomb core movement and honeycomb core crush, with illustrations. Some common tests performed on honeycomb composites to characterize the skin-to-core bond strength are the climbing drum peel and flatwise tensile tests. The article concludes with a description on the reasons for core failure, which are analyzed after these tests.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006760
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... is often easily visible with stereomicroscopy. At this point, the appearance of the component and any indications of damage or clues as to how the damage occurred or progressed are documented. The most promising component sections that may inform the investigation are selected for further evaluation. All...
Abstract
Visual examination, using the unaided eye or a low-power optical magnifier, is typically one of the first steps in a failure investigation. This article presents the guidelines for selecting samples for scanning electron microscope examination and optical metallography and for cleaning fracture surfaces. It discusses damage characterization of metals, covering various factors that influence the damage, namely stress, aggressive environment, temperature, and discontinuities.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003045
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... has culminated in standard industry reference publications of testing procedures, such as those of the American Society for Testing and Materials and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. These organizations are engaged in the documentation of methods of testing or referencing the specific...
Abstract
Ultrasonic inspection is a nondestructive technique that is useful in both quality control and research applications for flaw detection in fiber-reinforced composite materials. This article describes ultrasonic nondestructive analysis by outlining its three basic types of scans. It reviews the important quality control techniques used during the manufacture of composite components by analyzing tooling control, material control, pattern orientation control, and in-process control.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003456
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... several manufacturing or in-service sources. The vulnerability of a particular composite structure depends on factors including type of construction, function, and location on the aircraft. Manufacturing Defects Manufacturing defects include voids, delaminations, surface damage, and misdrilled...
Abstract
Maintainability is a function of the durability, damage tolerance, and repairability of a structure. This article discusses the configurations of composite structures, such as sandwich, stiffened-skin, and monolithic structures, used in commercial aircraft composites. It describes the considerations for maintainability of the composite structures during the conceptual design phase. Sources of the defects and damage, such as manufacturing defects and in-service defects, are reviewed. The article describes the nondestructive inspection methods that are used in the repair of composite structures to locate damage, characterize the extent of damage, and ensure post-repair quality. It lists suggestions that can be used as design guidelines for adhesive bonding, general composite structure, sandwich structure, material selection, and lightning-strike protection. The article also provides the basic considerations for personnel, facilities, and equipment during maintenance.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009072
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
...Abstract Abstract This article describes how composite specimens are sectioned, documented, and labeled during sample preparation. The mounting procedures for the specimen are summarized. The article explains sample clamping, which involves not mounting the specimens using an adhesive...
Abstract
This article describes how composite specimens are sectioned, documented, and labeled during sample preparation. The mounting procedures for the specimen are summarized. The article explains sample clamping, which involves not mounting the specimens using an adhesive or casting resin and corresponds to clamped samples used in automated polishing heads. It details that cavity molds involve mounting the composite specimens using a casting resin in a preset mold. The article also discusses the mounting of composite materials for hand polishing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009075
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... of composite specimens can be performed using low-magnification bright-field illumination of the cross section. Usually, 25 to 50× magnification is sufficient for documentation of voids, but magnification up to 100× is sometimes required. It is important to realize that this is the total magnification observed...
Abstract
The analysis of composite materials using optical microscopy is a process that can be made easy and efficient with only a few contrast methods and preparation techniques. This article is intended to provide information that will help an investigator select the appropriate microscopy technique for the specific analysis objectives with a given composite material. The article opens with a discussion of macrophotography and microscope alignment, and then goes on to describe various illumination techniques that are useful for specific analysis requirements. These techniques include bright-field illumination, dark-field illumination, polarized-light microscopy, interference and contrast microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy. The article also provides a discussion of sample preparation materials such as dyes, etchants, and stains for the analysis of composite materials using optical microscopy.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006757
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... °C (915 °F). (a) Polished and etched to emphasize grain-boundary voids. (b) Polished and etched carefully to show grain boundaries. Nital etch Fig. 36 Scanning electron microscope images of CrMo tube shown in Fig. 35 , prepared from a specimen that had been polished and etched to emphasize...
Abstract
Examination of a damaged component involves a chain of activities that, first and foremost, requires good observation and documentation. Following receipt and documentation, the features of damage can be recorded and their cause(s) investigated, as this article briefly describes, for typical types of damage experienced for metallic components. This article discusses the processes involved in visual or macroscopic examination of damaged material; the interpretation of fracture features, corrosion, and wear damage features; and the analysis of base material composition. It covers the processes involved in the selection of metallurgical samples, the preparation and examination of metallographic specimens in failure analysis, and the analysis and interpretation of microstructures. Examination and evaluation of polymers and ceramic materials in failure analysis are also briefly discussed.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003464
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... a large portion of documenting porosity in composites falls. Most microscopes are not set up for this range, and those that are have difficulty achieving the quality of a dedicated macroscope. Void analysis of composite specimens can be performed using low-magnification bright-field illumination...
Abstract
Microscopy is a valuable tool in materials investigations related to problem solving, failure analysis, advanced materials development, and quality control. This article describes the sample preparation techniques of composite materials. These techniques include mounting, rough grinding, and polishing. The preparation techniques of ultrathin sections are also summarized. The article explains the illumination methods used by reflected light microscopy to view a specimen. These consist of epi-bright-field illumination, epi-dark-field illumination, epi-polarized light, and epi-fluorescence. The article also provides information on transmitted light microscopy.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003462
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... requirements, and manufacturing records Visual analysis, documentation of damage and any other nondestructive part evaluation Verification of materials, including the fiber/ resin/adhesive systems Determination of fiber, matrix, and void volume fractions and verification of the lay-up, ply type...
Abstract
This article describes the failure analysis procedures for composites and the techniques to be used in these analyses. These procedures include a review of the available in-service records, materials and processing methods, print requirements, and manufacturing records; visual analysis and nondestructive part evaluation; and verification of materials and processing methods. The article discusses the determination of fiber, matrix, and void volume fractions and verification of ply lay-up and orientation. A review of composites processing parameters; fractography and surface analysis; and mechanical testing and stress analysis is also presented.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003522
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... preparation microstructure polymers secondary ion mass spectroscopy wear damage X-ray powder diffraction EXAMINATION of a damaged component involves a chain of activities that, first and foremost, requires good observation and documentation. If the component is being examined on site where...
Abstract
This article focuses on the visual or macroscopic examination of damaged materials and interpretation of damage and fracture features. Analytical tools available for evaluations of corrosion and wear damage features include energy dispersive spectroscopy, electron probe microanalysis, Auger electron spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction. The article discusses the analysis and interpretation of base material composition and microstructures. Preparation and examination of metallographic specimens in failure analysis are also discussed. The article concludes with a review of the evaluation of polymers and ceramic materials in failure analysis.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003476
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... the necessary functions of a matrix material. Composites fabricated with these polymers exhibited high void contents, poor fiber translation efficiencies, inferior elevated-temperature mechanical properties, and inferior thermooxidative stabilities. Little progress was made in developing polymers with improved...
Abstract
High-temperature-resistant polymers are used in aerospace, electronic, and other applications that demand outstanding elevated-temperature physical and mechanical properties. This article discusses the general characteristics of condensation-type polyimides and polymerization of monomer reactants (PMR) polyimides. It provides information on the applications of PMR-15 with illustrations.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004122
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... requirements in the procurement document. The article summarizes requirements from a procurement document. As required by the procurement contract, corrosion-control technologies used in a vehicle system need to be evaluated to determine their benefit. The article provides information on testing systems, which...
Abstract
This article presents a discussion on the U.S army's position on corrosion control for wheeled tactical vehicles. It addresses the army requirement for corrosion control. The U.S. Army Tank-automotive and Armaments Command (TACOM) defines the corrosion prevention and control requirements in the procurement document. The article summarizes requirements from a procurement document. As required by the procurement contract, corrosion-control technologies used in a vehicle system need to be evaluated to determine their benefit. The article provides information on testing systems, which help to meet the army's needs. It includes information on supplemental corrosion protection, which improves the corrosion resistance of a material.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004221
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
..., and prevent corrosion. The ability of corrosion to undo the best complex engineered systems has been documented. color images corrosion of engineered systems environmental corrosion forms of corrosion industrial corrosion THE INFORMATION provided by the authors for this Handbook included...
Abstract
This article includes a collection of color images that aid in the identification and classification of forms of corrosion in industries and environments. It emphasizes the negative aspects of corrosion and examines the cost and the effort to test, evaluate, simulate, and prevent corrosion. The ability of corrosion to undo the best complex engineered systems has been documented.
Book Chapter
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003436
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... macrocracks, and voids in composites structures. The ultrasonic method itself uses longitudinal, shear, Lamb, Rayleigh, or guided waves for various measurements on composite materials. Wave parameters, including acoustic attenuation and speed, can be used to determine materials properties and characteristics...
Abstract
This article introduces the principal methodologies and some technologies that are being applied for nondestructive evaluation of composite materials. These include ultrasonic testing (UT), air-coupled UT, laser UT, ultrasonic spectroscopy, leaky lamb wave method, acousto-ultrasonics, radiography, X-ray computed tomography, thermography, low-frequency vibration methods, acoustic emission, eddy current testing, optical holography, and shearography. The article presents some examples are for fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composites. Many of the techniques have general applicability to other types of composites such as metal-matrix composites and ceramic-matrix composites.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006016
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
...-Preparation Inspection Documentation Measuring Dry-Film Thickness Assessing Intercoat Cleanliness Verifying Recoat Times/Temperatures Detecting Pinholes and Holidays Assessing Coating Cure/Coating Hardness Measuring Adhesion Measuring Wet-Film Thickness Verifying Grease and Oil...
Abstract
This article discusses the concepts of quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA), and clarifies the differences and similarities in the roles and responsibilities of QC and QA personnel. It describes the inspection procedures used to verify proper surface preparation and installation of the protective coating/lining system. Prior to beginning surface-preparation operations, many specifications will require a presurface-preparation inspection to verify the correction of fabrication defects and removal of surface contamination such as grease, oil, cutting compounds, lubricants, and chemical contaminants. When inspecting concrete prior to coating installation, three areas of concern exist: surface roughness, moisture content in concrete, and acidity/alkalinity of the surface. The article provides information on the industry standards for assessing surface cleanliness. It details postcoating application quality requirements, including measuring of dry-film thickness, assessing intercoat cleanliness, verifying minimum and maximum recoat intervals, performing holiday/pinhole detection, conducting cure/hardness testing, and assessing adhesion of the applied coating system.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001459
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... compositions are listed in Tables 23 , 24 , and 25 . ASTM B 32 recognizes the Sn96 solder as that composition which has a silver content of 3.4 to 3.8 wt%. The “same” alloy specified by QQ-S-571E has a composition of 3.6 to 4.4 wt% Ag. The ASTM document includes specifications for two additional tin-silver...
Abstract
Soldering technology has been used in applications ranging from the packaging of integrated circuit chips to the fabrication of industrial heat exchangers and consequently in structural or electronic applications. This article provides information on various soldering parameters, including types of solder alloy in terms of selection process; selection of substrate base material; flux selection based on adequate wettability by the solder; solder joint assembly; combined substrate, solder, and flux properties; and manufacturing procedures. Each of these parameters is explored using examples of both structural and electronic applications. The article concludes with a discussion on the environmental, safety, and health issues to be considered during soldering.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003434
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
..., and what are generally known as good shop practices. Although inspection techniques vary from one company or facility to another depending on prescribed contractual requirements, available equipment, level of personnel training, and documentation systems used, they all fulfill the following criteria...
Abstract
In-process inspection during composite material lay-up is essential if the structural, dimensional, and environmental performance designed into a part is to be consistently achieved. This article discusses the requirements to be met by the facilities and equipment to produce high-quality composites. It reviews the procedures that are allowed and prohibited in controlled-contamination areas of lay-up. The article emphasizes significant areas, such as material control and lay-up process, in which quality-control personnel can be effective in preventing production problems. It concludes with a discussion on automated tape laying and fiber placement, as well as the numerically aided lay-up process.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003390
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... sample problems to test the features and make some support calls to determine the level of response that can be expected. Few programs provide printed manuals anymore. On-line manuals should document all capabilities of the software, should be easy to navigate, and should have index and search...
Abstract
This article begins with a discussion on the criteria for evaluating computer programs for composites structural analysis, including database capabilities, types of engineering calculations supported, interface and operating systems, and technical support. It describes the capabilities of programs, such as CompositePro, ESAComp, and V-Lab that provide a graphical interface, built-in databases, and integrated modules for the different types of analyses. The article reviews the modules of other programs used for composite analysis. The programs include ASCA, CADEC, CoDA, COMPASS, ESDU, LAP, PROMAL, and SACL. The article concludes with information on on-line programs and recourses.