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Kenneth H. Eckelmeyer, Steven G. Caldwell
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Chongchen Xiang, Nikhil Gupta
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Prasan K. Samal
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John A. Shields, Jr., Steven G. Caldwell
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Cory A. Smith
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Peter A. dePoutiloff, Prasan K. Samal
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1-20 of 1864
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Book Chapter
Very High Density Metals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003166
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... density materials: depleted uranium and tungsten and their alloys. applications depleted uranium design considerations health considerations mechanical properties metallurgy processing tungsten tungsten alloys uranium alloys very high density metals VERY HIGH DENSITY METALS are used...
Abstract
Very high density materials are used for such applications as counterweights and radiation shields. This article focuses on the metallurgy, processing, properties, fabrication, design considerations, health and safety considerations, and applications of the most commonly used very high density materials: depleted uranium and tungsten and their alloys.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003371
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... Abstract Metallic matrices are essential constituents for the fabrication of metal-matrix composites (MMCs). This article describes three different classes of aluminum alloys, namely, commercial aluminum alloys, low-density and high-modulus alloys, and high temperature alloys. It presents...
Abstract
Metallic matrices are essential constituents for the fabrication of metal-matrix composites (MMCs). This article describes three different classes of aluminum alloys, namely, commercial aluminum alloys, low-density and high-modulus alloys, and high temperature alloys. It presents typical tensile properties and fracture toughness of the selected heat treatable aluminum alloys in a table. Titanium alloys are very attractive for MMC applications, due to their higher strength and temperature capability compared to aluminum alloys. The article tabulates the effect of heat treatment on room-temperature properties and tensile properties of Ti-25Al-17Nb alloy sheet.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003478
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
..., reasonable strength and stiffness, and low density. Corrosion is not a concern at temperatures below 370 °C (700 °F). The higher-temperature heat exchangers are typically fabricated from very heavy metallic materials. The weight savings and high thermal conductivity of carbon-carbon offers the payoff...
Abstract
This article presents an overview of the material properties of carbon-carbon composites. It provides information on the applications of carbon-carbon composites in electronic thermal planes, spacecraft thermal doublers, spacecraft thermal shields, spacecraft radiators, and aircraft heat exchangers.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003185
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... in P/M products: from very low-density metallic forms to low- and medium-density filters and self-lubricating bearings, and high- and full-density structural parts. In the most widely employed technique, powders are compacted into green parts at room temperature...
Abstract
This article focuses on the significant fundamental powder characteristics, which include particle size, particle size distribution, particle shape, and powder purity, followed by an overview of general and individual powder production processes such as mechanical, chemical, electrochemical, atomizing, oxide reduction, and thermal decomposition processes. It also covers the consolidation of powders by pressing and sintering, as well as by high density methods. Further emphasis is provided on the distinguishing features of powders, their manufacturing processes, compacting processes, and consolidated part properties. In addition, a glossary of powder metallurgy terms is included.
Book Chapter
Heat Treating of Magnesium Alloy Metal-Matrix Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.a0006258
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
... properties metal-matrix composites microstructure Introduction Magnesium-matrix composites are very promising as structural materials because of their low density, high specific strength, and excellent castability. Magnesium alloys are currently the lightest-weight structural alloys available...
Abstract
Magnesium-matrix composites (MgMCs) are very promising as structural materials because of their low density, high specific strength, and excellent castability. This article provides information on the characteristics, mechanical properties, and applications of magnesium alloys and composites. It discusses the microstructures used for the most common magnesium alloys used in metal-matrix composites, namely, magnesium-aluminum, magnesium-rare earth and magnesium-lithium alloys. The article focuses on the most common methods of heat treatment, including solution heat treatment, precipitation strengthening or aging, and annealing, applied to these alloys. Finally, it describes the microstructural aspects and precipitate-matrix relationships of MgMCs as well as the heat treatment methods for MgMCs.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003375
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... only with steel and specialty metal honeycomb materials, which are usually used in high-temperature applications. The extrusion process is used with ceramic honeycomb and a few thermoplastic honeycombs. Honeycomb Cell Technology The honeycomb industry has its own terminology to define...
Abstract
Lightweight structural cores are used on aircrafts to reduce weight and increase payload and fight distance. This article discusses the classification of lightweight structural cores, namely, honeycomb, balsa, and foam. It reviews the four primary manufacturing methods used to produce honeycomb: adhesive bonding and expansion, corrugation and adhesive bonding, corrugation and braze welding, and extrusion. The article describes cell configuration and properties of honeycomb. It discusses the factors influencing specification of structural cores, including materials, size, density, mechanical properties, environmental compatibility, formability, durability, and thermal behavior. The article provides information on the benefits and concepts of a sandwich panel containing lightweight structural cores.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Full Density Powder Metallurgy
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006142
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... molding (MIM) process. In comparison to conventional PM, MIM uses much finer metal powders (or ceramic powders) in combination with very high sintering temperature. Metal injection molding is most suitable for the manufacture of small and intricate components. See the division on “Metal Injection Molding...
Abstract
This article provides a basic introduction to the various aspects of full density powder metallurgy, including properties, applications, processing methods, and process parameters.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002486
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... to high-volume products such as automotive connecting rods and transmission components as well as power tool parts Mechanical properties equivalent to wrought steel Most cost-competitive of the full-density processes for medium-to-large parts Metal injection molding: Metal injection molding...
Abstract
This article begins with a discussion on general powder metallurgy design considerations that assist in the selection of the appropriate processing method. It reviews powder processing techniques, conventional press-and-sinter methods, and full-density processes to understand the design restrictions of each powder processing method. The article provides comparison of powder processing methods based on their similarities, differences, advantages, and disadvantages. It concludes with a discussion on design issues for the components of powder processing technologies.
Book Chapter
Chemical and Electrolytic Methods of Powder Production
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006087
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... of these metals are very high. Reduction processes, which use hydrogen as the reducing medium, are similar for both tungsten and molybdenum oxides. For molybdenum trioxide, however, reduction is performed in two stages to control particle size. Due to the high vapor presence of molybdenum trioxide, the first step...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on the process descriptions, processing conditions, and processing variables of the most common chemical methods for metal powder production. These methods include oxide reduction, precipitation from solution, and thermal decomposition. Methods such as precipitation from salt solution and gas, chemical embrittlement, hydride decomposition, and thermite reactions are also discussed. The article also discusses the methods used to produce powders electrolytically and the types of metal powders produced. The physical and chemical characteristics of these powders are also reviewed.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006074
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... of a high-pressure flow-control valve in the overall system. A depressurization schedule that avoids part cracking should be determined experimentally. Evaluation Evaluation of green strength and density of a cold isostatically pressed part may be carried out for a given metal powder and process...
Abstract
This article describes the unique aspects of cold isostatic pressing (CIP) in comparison with die compaction, for powder metallurgy parts. It details the components of CIP equipment, including pressure vessels, pressure generators, and tooling material. The article reviews the part shapes and their influence in determining tap density of the filled mold. It provides a discussion on process parameters, such as dwell time, depressurization rate, evaluation of green strength and density, and thermal processing, and illustrates a process flowchart for the production of CIP parts.
Book Chapter
Fully Dense Processing of Refractory Metal Powders
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006125
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... for a given application is typically made on the basis of very high density, whether gravimetric or radiographic. WHAs are the preferred form of tungsten for most mass/density related requirements in that large components can be easily fabricated from compacted elemental metal powders by the conventional...
Abstract
The residual porosity in sintered refractory metal ingots is usually eliminated by different densification processes, such as thermomechanical processes. This article focuses on thermomechanical processing of tungsten, molybdenum, and tantalum. It provides an overview of liquid-phase sintering of tungsten heavy alloys and describes the infiltration of tungsten and molybdenum for attaining full density. The article concludes by providing information on hot isostatic pressing of refractory metal alloys to full density.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006102
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... if it is equipped with an energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometer (EDS). Compared to optical scopes, the SEM provides high-resolution images and can present the details of particle morphology ( Fig. 1 ). This article provides brief examples of particle image analysis on metal powders used in the PM industry. Fig...
Abstract
Particle image analysis of metal powders can be easily performed with optical macroscopes and microscopes. This article provides examples of the particle image analysis on powders used in the powder metallurgy industry.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006100
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... on the vertical stack of discs to reach the desired sintered density level and to prevent warpage or distortion. However, excess pressure causes high sintered densities and loss of low-melting-point metals from the friction material. Sintering is carried out at temperatures of 550 to 1000 °C (1020 to 1830 °F...
Abstract
Friction materials are the components of a mechanism that converts mechanical energy into heat upon sliding contact. This article discusses the selection criteria, manufacturing process, and applications of friction powder metallurgy materials. It provides information on the manufacturing process of powder metallurgy friction materials through a process of mixing/blending, compacting, and sintering. The final machining that they undergo, to ensure that they meet dimensional specifications, is also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001332
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... broad and deep training is required to bring these disciplines together and to apply them effectively to a variety of processes. Second, welding or joining difficulties usually occur far into the manufacturing process, where the relative value of scrapped parts is high. Third, a very large...
Abstract
Welding and joining processes are essential for the development of virtually every manufactured product. This article discusses the fundamentals of fusion welding processes, with an emphasis on the underlying scientific principles. It reviews the role of energy-source intensity and the width of the heat-affected zone in fusion welding processes. The article contains figures from which the properties of any heat source can be estimated readily.
Book Chapter
Discontinuous Reinforcements for Metal-Matrix Composites
Available to PurchaseBook: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003358
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... reactivity in molten metal baths (casting) and are relativity low-cost. The resultant composite properties, such as stiffness, strength, and fracture toughness, are not as high as those of either the SiC or B 4 C reinforcement. However, the low reactivity and low cost make this reinforcement very attractive...
Abstract
This article focuses on the production of particulate reinforcements that are used in discontinuously reinforced metal-matrix composite (DRMMC) materials systems, their physical and materials properties, and the particle shape and overall morphology. The most common DRMMC materials systems used for aerospace structural applications are silicon carbide and boron carbide particulate reinforcement in an aluminum alloy matrix. The article concludes with information on reinforcement chemistry for designing DRMMC materials systems.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006084
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... Packing densities range from as high as 65% of solid for spherical powders such s inert gas, ultrasonic, and centrifugally atomized powders frozen in inert gas, to as low as 20% for some alloys prone to oxidation or very rapid freezing in water atomization. Purity The concept of purity covers...
Abstract
Atomization is the dominant method for producing metal and prealloyed powders from aluminum, brass, iron, low-alloy steels, stainless steels, tool steels, superalloys, titanium alloys, and other alloys. The general types of atomization processes encompass a number of industrial and research methods. This article describes the key process variables and production factors for the industrial methods: two-fluid, centrifugal, vacuum or soluble-gas, and ultrasonic atomization. It also reviews the effect of atomization methods and process variables on key powder characteristics such as the average particle size, particle size distribution or screen analysis, particle shape, chemical composition, and microstructure.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006022
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... parts with high relative densities. Some metal powders are not very compressible. The powder particles are hard and have limited plasticity. Rigid die compaction is not suitable for consolidating such powders, and they must be processed by other means such as hot pressing, extrusion, or hot...
Abstract
This article reviews various segments of the powder metallurgy (PM) process from powder production and powder processing through the characterization of the materials and their properties. It covers the processing methods for consolidating metal powders including options for processing to full density. The article outlines the freeform fabrication process, also known as additive manufacturing and describes finishing operations of PM parts. It concludes with information on the applications of PM parts.
Book Chapter
Sintering of Stainless Steels
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006118
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... exhaust applications are sintered at a high temperature in a 100% hydrogen atmosphere. Since reduction of carbon via reaction with the oxygen present in the powder is rapid at high temperatures, significant reduction is achieved in carbon content. High-density PM ferritic components, with their very low...
Abstract
This article describes the sintering behavior of austenitic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steels. It presents different sintering schedules that are selected by Metal Powder Industries Federation (MPIF). The article provides information on the equipment and atmospheres used for sintering and the steps involved in the process. It discusses the factors that influence the dimensional changes in sintering, namely, powder-related, compaction-related, and sintering-related factors.
Book Chapter
Compacting of Stainless Steel Powders
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006097
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... a highly irregular morphology, with a low apparent density (AD) of approximately 2.4 g/cm 3 (unlubed). On the other end of the spectrum, for operations that employ very high compacting pressures, powders can be made with a more rounded particle morphology exhibiting an AD of 3.0 g/cm 3 (unlubed...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the compaction of metal powder in a rigid die and reviews the compaction characteristics of stainless steel powders, including green density, compressibility, green strength, apparent density, flow rate, and sintered density. It describes the influence of compaction characteristics of stainless steel powders in tool materials selection, lubrication, annealing, double pressing/double sintering, and warm compaction.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001351
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... (for example, copper) Recrystallization and recovery have been observed in bands on both sides of high-dislocation-density regions ( Ref 29 ) Very little diffusion occurs across the bond interface ( Ref 29 ) These observations support the hypothesis that says that wave formation is a result...
Abstract
Explosion welding (EXW), also known as explosive bonding, is accomplished by a high-velocity oblique impact between two metals. This article describes the practice of producing an explosive bond/weld and draws on many previous research results in order to explain the mechanisms involved. It provides a schematic illustration of the arrangement used in the parallel gap explosive bonding process. The article discusses several important concepts pertaining to explosive parameters, hydrodynamic flow, jetting, and metal properties. It summarizes the criteria used to model the explosive bonding process. The article describes bond morphology in terms of wave formation, bond microstructure, and bond strength determination.
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