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Book Chapter

By R.C. Adams, Marvin Foston
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003405
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... the two basic methods, such as the trapped or fixed-volume rubber method and the variable-volume rubber method, of elastomeric tooling, which use the principles of thermal expansion molding. The significant properties and controlling equations that are required to characterize elastomeric tooling material...
Book Chapter

By S.L. Semiatin
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005100
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
..., stretching, bending, rubber-pad forming, and other methods ( Fig. 2 ). Sheet-forming methods can also be classified according to suitable methods in obtaining desired dimensional features, such as surface contours or deep recesses ( Table 1 ). Some methods of local deformation also extend beyond sheet...
Book Chapter

By Jeffrey A. Hawk
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003283
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... the test, and consequently, different materials can be compared directly for volume loss and material-removal mechanisms. Dry Abrasion against Loose Particles Many cases of abrasive wear occur where the abrasive particles are not fixed but are free to slide and rotate. The dry sand, rubber wheel...
Book Chapter

By Peter J. Blau
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003242
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... “Lubricant Analysis” in Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology , Volume 18, ASM Handbook ) is also a method to measure wear, as is surface layer activation by radionulcides. Common units for reporting wear and wear rates Table 1 Common units for reporting wear and wear rates Wear category...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003041
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... in.) thick fiberglass fabric, polyester nonwoven fabric Dam Prevents resin flow from edges Rubber neoprene cork tape with pressure-sensitive adhesive, silicone rubber, PTFE or metal bars Vacuum bag Applies autoclave pressure Various types for different cure temperatures, some semipermanent silicone...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006913
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... is available in Ref 5 on electrode systems, sample sizes and preconditioning, frequency ranges, and accompanying methods for calculating capacitance and AC loss. Typical values for the dielectric constant (permittivity) of some polar and nonpolar resins are given in Table 3 . Insulation Resistance, Volume...
Book Chapter

By Sufei Wei, Steve Lampman
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005257
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... thinner details to be cast, making surface details of the metal-cast components more prominent. Another advantage of centrifugal casting is the elimination or minimization of gates and risers. Centrifugal Casting Methods Centrifugal casting machines are categorized into three basic types based...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003026
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... methods used to determine the following dielectric properties of plastics: dielectric breakdown voltage, dielectric strength, dielectric constant, dissipation factor, arc tracking resistance, insulation resistance, volume, and surface resistivity or conductivity. The test specifications and conditions...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003848
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... of this article is the use of elastomers as seals. Also see the article “Environmental Performance of Rubber Linings” in this Volume. Thermoplastic materials are long-chain polymers that are not connected by cross links ( Fig. 1 ). Very few elastomers are the thermoplastic type. They acquire...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005124
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
..., such as the forming of deeply recessed taillight reflectors for automobiles, and the deep drawing of toaster shells ( example 3 ). The application of rubber pads in press-brake dies is discussed in the article “Press-Brake Forming” in this Volume. In the past, flexible-die forming methods were designated...
Book Chapter

By Pawel Kazanowski
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005141
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... and by other tests designed to simulate various production forming processes, including cup tests and bend tests. More information on the test methods briefly described here is available in the article “Formability Testing of Sheet Metals” in this Volume. Tension Testing Tension testing is used...
Book Chapter

By Rebecca Tuszynski
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003030
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... ASTM D 3028-90, “Standard Test Method for Kinetic Coefficient of Friction of Plastic Solids” ( Ref 20 ), uses a variable-speed frictionometer to measure kinetic coefficients of friction. Three types of test specimens can be used: 20.0 ± 0.1 mm diameter rigid fixed specimens that weigh 5.0 ± 0.1 g...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006928
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... in Table 1 ( Ref 1 ), and this article briefly introduces some commonly used methods for mechanical testing. Further details are given in other articles in this Volume. The testing of plastics includes a wide variety of mechanical tests, as shown in Table 2 . The following sections briefly describe...
Book Chapter

By Edward L. Tobolski
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003275
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... Abstract Miscellaneous hardness tests encompass a number of test methods that have been developed for specific applications. These include dynamic, or "rebound," hardness tests using a Leeb tester or a Scleroscope; static indentation tests on rubber or plastic products using the durometer...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003412
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... to bleeding. An alternative is to obtain a prepreg with an existing fiber volume close to that of the desired final part. Either method eliminates the cost of the bleeder. Barrier A nonadhering material, called the barrier, or barrier film, is commonly placed between the bleeder plies and breather...
Book Chapter

By Kenneth B. Tator
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006027
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... and porcelain enamels; electroplating; thermal spray coatings; and rubber linings. cementitious linings chromate conversion coating chromate-free conversion coating electroplating glasses hot dip galvanizing phosphate conversion coating porcelain enamels rubber linings thermal spray coating...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001302
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... Practice for Conducting Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Abrasion Test,” G 65, ASTM 10. “Standard Test Method for Wear Testing with a Crossed-Cylinder Apparatus,” G 83, ASTM 11. “Standard Practice for Jaw Crusher Gouging Abrasion Test,” G 81, ASTM 12. “Test Method for Abrasion Resistance...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009075
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract The analysis of composite materials using optical microscopy is a process that can be made easy and efficient with only a few contrast methods and preparation techniques. This article is intended to provide information that will help an investigator select the appropriate microscopy...
Book Chapter

By P.J. Blau
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006380
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... ): (Eq 1) Ψ = k W v H This expression is sometimes expressed in terms of the total wear volume ( V ) and the sliding distance ( S ): (Eq 2) V = k ′ W S H Few specific variables of the many that can potentially affect wear are used explicitly in Eq 1 and 2 , so...
Book Chapter

By Hiroyuki Tanabe
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003809
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... can be found in the articles “Organic Coatings and Linings” and “Paint Systems” in ASM Handbook , Volume 13A, 2003, and in the article “Painting” in Surface Engineering , Volume 5, ASM Handbook , 1994. How Paint Films Deter Corrosion In the presence of water and oxygen, iron corrodes...