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Book Chapter

By Dale L. Linman
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001402
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... Abstract Vapor-phase soldering is a process of condensation heating in which the product prepared for soldering is passed through or into a layer of saturated vapor. This article provides an overview of the soldering process with emphasis on its applications and the equipment used...
Book Chapter

By Phil Zarrow
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001395
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
..., namely, vapor-phase reflow, area conduction, and infrared heating. These three techniques are considered as mass reflow techniques, because all of the solderable interconnections on the surface of a printed wiring board (PWB) assembly are brought through the reflow heating cycle simultaneously...
Book Chapter

By Mel M. Schwartz
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001346
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... surface tensions, respectively. Relative to each other, these parameters can be defined by: (Eq 2) γ sv > γ sl > γ lv For soldering, the vapor phase will be replaced in nearly all processes by flux (that is, γ sv is replaced by γ sf and γ lv is replaced by γ lf...
Book Chapter

By Mel M. Schwartz
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001344
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... to such a degree that a new technique for attachment was needed, and surface mounting was developed. Surface mount technology in turn required new ways to make solder joints, prompting the development of vapor phase, infrared, hot gas, and other reflow soldering techniques. Soldering remains the attachment...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003211
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
...: Soldering iron or bit Flame or torch soldering Hot dip soldering Induction soldering Resistance soldering Furnace soldering Infrared soldering Ultrasonic soldering Wave soldering Laser soldering Hot gas soldering Vapor-phase soldering Each of the methods is described...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001492
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... in the interlayer may provide chemical resistance and high puncture-proofness. Presently, processes such as sintering of interfaces, spraying and sintering of coatings, and depositing of layers by chemical vapor deposition, soldering (metal-metal and metal-ceramic), and infiltration (joints of composite materials...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001479
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... corrosive chemicals or allow oxidation or corrosion of the base metal. Porosity is caused by air, flux vapor, plating residues, or water vapor that is trapped within or beneath the solidifying solder. Although any individual can perform a visual examination, training and experience are necessary...
Book Chapter

By Paul T. Vianco
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001460
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... joints or leakage currents between conductors. Solder Paste Solder paste is used primarily in PWB assembly based on surface-mount technology. Processes such as vapor-phase (condensation) and infrared (IR) furnace reflow are well suited to solder paste use. Solder paste is a mixture of solder...
Book Chapter

By Paul T. Vianco
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001459
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... requirements for the alloys. (b) All single figure limits are maximum percentages. Source: Ref 3 The thick, tenacious oxide of lead and the corrosion product layers that form on tin limit the extent of general corrosion to tin-lead solders. However, the lead-rich phase is particularly susceptible...
Book Chapter

By Robert W. Messler, Jr.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005552
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
...; and fusion welding with directed energy sources, such as laser welding, electron beam welding. The article reviews the different types of nonfusion welding processes, regardless of the particular energy source, which is usually mechanical but can be chemical, and related subprocesses of brazing and soldering...
Book Chapter

By Laurence G. Stevens, C.E.T. White
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001092
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... used for the conventional tin-lead solders. In the case of preforms, oven heating is used for short runs, and conveyor-type furnaces are used for large runs. In special cases, the use of induction heating, heat guns, or reducing atmospheres is recommended. Vapor-phase soldering with indium-base alloys...
Book Chapter

By William B. Hampshire
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001076
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... (°F) 231.9 (449.4) Boiling point, °C (°F) 2270 (4118) Phase transformation temperature on cooling (β phase to α phase), °C (°F) 13.2 (55.8) Latent heat of fusion, J/g (Btu/lb) 59.5 (25.6) Latent heat of phase transformation, J/g (Btu/lb) 17.6 (7.57) Latent heat of vaporization, kJ...
Book Chapter

By Kunigahalli L. Vasanth
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003698
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Abstract This article discusses the definitions, classifications, structural features, vapor pressure values, corrosion inhibition mechanisms, and methods of evaluation of vapor-phase-corrosion inhibitors or volatile corrosion inhibitors (VCIs). Practical methods of using VCIs for corrosion...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001223
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... such as plating stopoffs, marking crayons, or soldering flux Cleaning of precision items in a succession of steps in which the work is first cleaned in nonpolar solvent to remove oil Temporary general cleaning where the cost of vapor degreasing equipment is not justified Cleaning electrical or electronic...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006827
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... to the molten solder. Water vapor, hydration inorganics, and entrapped/codeposited organic materials degraded by the elevated temperatures of soldering are among the sources of gases that lead to dewetting. Typically, higher temperatures and longer soldering processing lead to the generation of more gas...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003065
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
..., this process is presently of negligible commercial importance. The chemical vapor deposition processes, by which most optical fibers are formed, and the sol-gel processes were developed primarily as low-energy methods to produce high-silica glass products. Such glasses are characterized by high melting...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003778
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... the basic procedure, are shown in Fig. 1(c) to (f) . Fig. 1 Very soft metals; alloys of lead and tin. (a) and (b) A near-eutectic soft solder (63% Sn, 37% Pb; hardness, 9 HV). A globular eutectic of tin phase (light) and lead phase (dark). (c) and (d) A linotype metal (4% Sn, 12% Sb, 84% Pb...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004209
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... microstructural phases through corrosion. However, the concentrations are low and not relatable to toxicological ramifications. Mercury vapors released from amalgam surfaces may also occur. Again, because of the low concentrations emitted, amalgam mercury vapors are not related to toxicity. Allergic reactions...
Book Chapter

By American Welding Society, G.R. Spies, G.C. Barnes, K.L. Brown, W. Beisner ...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001487
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... as fire. To prevent explosions, operators must avoid all sources of ignition. Welding, brazing, soldering, cutting, or operating equipment that can produce heat or sparks must not be done in atmospheres containing flammable gases, vapors, or dusts. Such flammables must be kept in leak-fight containers...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006079
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... Abstract Metals and alloy powders are used in welding, hardfacing, brazing, and soldering applications, which include hardface coatings, the manufacturing of welding stick electrodes and flux-cored wires, and additives in brazing pastes or creams. This article reviews these applications...