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vacuum metallizing
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Image
Published: 01 November 1995
Fig. 2 Common methods of metallizing ceramics. (a) Vacuum evaporation. (b) Sputtering. (c) Screen printing
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Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003022
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... discusses the selection of plastics for plating. This article also describes metallizing techniques, including plating (electrolytic or electroplating), vacuum metallizing and thermal spraying, and environmental considerations. The article discusses the quality assurance procedures for metallized plastic...
Abstract
The process of coating plastics with metals for functional purposes is called metallizing of plastics. This article discusses the metallizing of plastics, provides information on its history, and gives a short note on applications and adhesion properties of metallic coatings. It also discusses the selection of plastics for plating. This article also describes metallizing techniques, including plating (electrolytic or electroplating), vacuum metallizing and thermal spraying, and environmental considerations. The article discusses the quality assurance procedures for metallized plastic parts which include tests that assess the quality of the finish, coating thickness, adhesion, and corrosion resistance, and gives a short note on service performance, which includes service condition classifications.
Image
Published: 01 January 1993
Fig. 13 Cryogenic valve that was vacuum brazed with BNi-2 brazing filler metal. All joints on the body, flanges, seat, and bonnets were brazed simultaneously. Courtesy of Wall Colmonoy Corporation
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006375
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
.... 1 ) in low-pressure and vacuum environments ( Table 1 ). Relatively soft and ductile, high-purity elemental metals ( Table 2 ), high-purity iron-base binary alloys ( Table 3 ), and single-crystal silicon carbide (SiC) are used for pin specimens. Hard ceramics, including single-crystal SiC, sapphire...
Abstract
This article discusses the adhesion behavior of materials in low-pressure and vacuum environments and provides a schematic illustration of an apparatus for measuring adhesion and friction in ultrahigh vacuum. It describes the effects of low-oxygen pressures and vacuum environments on adhesion and friction, as well as the effects of defined exposure to oxygen on friction. The article discusses the wear of various metals in contact with ceramics, and alloying element effects on friction, wear, and transfer of materials. It also describes studies that characterize the contributions of surface contamination and chemical changes to tribology in low-pressure and vacuum environments.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005276
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Abstract Vacuum high-pressure die casting uses a vacuum pump to evacuate the air and gases from the die casting die cavity and metal delivery system before and during the injection of molten metal. This article describes the conventional die casting, vacuum die casting, and high-pressure die...
Abstract
Vacuum high-pressure die casting uses a vacuum pump to evacuate the air and gases from the die casting die cavity and metal delivery system before and during the injection of molten metal. This article describes the conventional die casting, vacuum die casting, and high-pressure die casting processes.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005265
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... countergravity low-pressure vacuum process vacuum process THE METHOD of countergravity mold filling has been practiced for many years. The technique is the result of applying a differential pressure between the molten metal and the mold to be filled, much like a soda straw is used to drink a liquid. During...
Abstract
This article discusses the general principles and advantages of countergravity mold filling. It details several production implementations that use differential pressure countergravity mold filling methods, namely the countergravity low-pressure air process, countergravity low-pressure vacuum process, countergravity low-pressure inert atmosphere process, countergravity pressure vacuum process, supported shell technique, loose sand vacuum process, and countergravity centrifugal casting process.
Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 3 Schematic showing, steps of the countergravity low-pressure inert atmosphere process. (a) Metal is melted in a vacuum or inert atmosphere, the chamber is filled with argon at +102 kPa (+1 atmt), and a hot mold is introduced into an independent mold chamber. (b) The mold chamber
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006561
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... temperature measurement, unvented cavities, loose powder, and direct contact of metals in the high-temperature vacuum. The article provides a short discussion on sintering and evaporation of metals in vacuum furnaces. additive manufacturing aging sintering solid-solution annealing solution treating...
Abstract
This article focuses on various vacuum heat treating processes for additively manufactured parts, namely annealing and stress relieving, solid-solution annealing, and solution treating and aging. It addresses several practical concerns involved in using vacuum heat treatment, including temperature measurement, unvented cavities, loose powder, and direct contact of metals in the high-temperature vacuum. The article provides a short discussion on sintering and evaporation of metals in vacuum furnaces.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005200
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... process nitrogen hydrogen degassing MELTING UNDER VACUUM in an induction-heated crucible is a tried and tested process in the production of liquid metal. It has its origins in the middle of the 19th century, but the actual technical breakthrough occurred in the second half of the 20th century...
Abstract
Vacuum induction melting (VIM) is often done as a primary melting operation followed by secondary melting (remelting) operations. This article presents the process description of VIM and illustrates potential processing routes for products, which are cast from VIM ingots or electrodes. It describes the VIM refinement process, which includes the removal of trace elements, nitrogen and hydrogen degassing, and deoxidation. The article concludes with information on the production of nonferrous materials by VIM.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005203
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... reactive metals (e.g., titanium and zirconium) that would otherwise attack the linings of a crucible with refractories. The solidified metal creates a corrosion-resistant protective layer on the containment vessel surface. Two methods of skull melt casting have evolved. The first, vacuum arc skull melting...
Image
Published: 01 December 2008
is submerged into the melt, thus causing metal to flow into the individual molds. (d) After the metal has solidified, the mold tube assembly is moved to the shakeout area, and vacuum is discontinued.
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Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 2 Schematic showing the steps of the countergravity low-pressure vacuum process. (a) Metal is melted in a vacuum chamber that is then flooded with argon. (b) A preheated mold is introduced into a separate upper chamber that is evacuated and then flooded with an equal pressure of argon
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005848
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
..., copper … 10C Vacuum 1 × 10 −3 torr (0.133 Pa) and lower … … … … BNi, BAu, BAlSi, Ti alloys Stainless steels, heat- and corrosion-resistant alloys, aluminum, titanium, zircon, and other refractory metals … Note: Brazing atmosphere types AWS-6, AWS-7, and AWS-9 include reduced pressures...
Abstract
Controlled atmosphere chambers are used to control the surface chemistry of the metals that are being processed. This article focuses on the various types of controlled atmospheres used in induction heat treating and brazing, namely, inert gas atmospheres based on argon and helium; prepared and commercial nitrogen-base atmospheres; and brazing atmospheres. It provides detailed information on two types of controlled atmosphere chambers: atmosphere and vacuum. The article also describes the selection factors, advantages, and disadvantages of these chambers.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006692
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
... are added to pure aluminum to produce suitable brazing filler metals. Magnesium is added to some aluminum brazing filler metals to facilitate oxide dispersal in vacuum brazing. A summary of the brazing fillers includes: AWS BAlSi-2: This filler is used for furnace and dip brazing only...
Abstract
Wrought 4xxx alloys (extrusions and forgings) exhibit high surface hardness, wear resistance, and a low coefficient of thermal expansion. This article provides a summary of brazing filler metals used to join brazeable aluminum-base metals. It contains tables that list the nominal composition and filler-metal alloys of 4xxx series used in structural forms.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001369
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... hardened or work-strengthened metals, frequently without significant deterioration of mechanical properties in the weld joint; (3) facilitate welding in close proximity to heat-sensitive components or attachments; (4) allow hermetic seal welding of evacuated enclosures, while retaining a vacuum inside...
Abstract
Electron-beam welding (EBW) is a high-energy density fusion process that is accomplished by bombarding the joint to be welded with an intense (strongly focused) beam of electrons that have been accelerated up to velocities 0.3 to 0.7 times the speed of light at 25 to 200 kV, respectively. This article discusses the principles of operation, as well as the advantages and limitations of EBW. It reviews the basic variables employed for controlling the results of an electron-beam weld. These include accelerating voltage, beam current, welding speed, focusing current, and standoff distance. The article reviews the operation sequence and safety aspects of EBW.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005955
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... Abstract Vacuum heat treating consists of thermally treating metals and alloys in cylindrical steel chambers that have been pumped down to less than normal atmospheric pressure. This article provides a detailed account of the operations and designs of vacuum furnaces, discussing their pressure...
Abstract
Vacuum heat treating consists of thermally treating metals and alloys in cylindrical steel chambers that have been pumped down to less than normal atmospheric pressure. This article provides a detailed account of the operations and designs of vacuum furnaces, discussing their pressure levels, resistance heating elements, quenching systems, work load support, pumping systems, and temperature control systems. It describes the classification of instruments used for measuring and recording pressure inside a vacuum processing chamber. Common devices include hydrostatic measuring devices and devices for measuring thermal and electrical conductivity. The article also describes the applications of the vacuum heat treating process, namely, vacuum nitriding and vacuum carburizing. Finally, it reviews the heat treating process of tool steels, stainless steels, Inconel 718, and titanium and its alloys.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005199
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... AOD units to achieve some of the results that vacuum melting can produce. These units look very much like Bessemer converters with tuyeres in the lower sidewalls for the injection of argon or nitrogen and oxygen. They are processing units that must be charged with molten metal from an arc or induction...
Abstract
This article discusses the most common methods of melting steels, namely, electric arc and induction melting. It describes the classification of refractories by an index of the “basicity” of the slag formed on the steel surface. The article provides a discussion on the converter metallurgy, which includes melt refinement in argon oxygen decarburization (AOD) vessels and vacuum oxygen decarburization (VODC) in a converter vessel. It also discusses ladle metallurgy, which includes vacuum induction degassing, vacuum oxygen decarburization, and vacuum ladle degassing.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005251
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Extremely fine sand is vacuum packed around pattern halves. Up to ∼70 kg (150 lb) None ∼3.2 0.125 Prototype or production quantities of 5000–10,000 $3000–14,000 Samples: 2–6 weeks Production: 2–6 weeks after approval Sand castings Treated sand is molded around a wood or metal pattern. The mold...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006525
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... porosity in as-cast parts. It begins by describing a typical cycle for a traditional cold-chamber die casting machine, using detailed illustrations to show how gas can become trapped in the liquid metal. It then presents various remedies, ultimately focusing on vacuum die casting for the production of high...
Abstract
Nearly two-thirds of the aluminum castings made in North America are produced using high-pressure die casting techniques. This article compares and contrasts traditional high-pressure die casting with an improved version that uses a vacuum to pull air out of the die in order to reduce porosity in as-cast parts. It begins by describing a typical cycle for a traditional cold-chamber die casting machine, using detailed illustrations to show how gas can become trapped in the liquid metal. It then presents various remedies, ultimately focusing on vacuum die casting for the production of high-integrity parts. In addition to vacuum technology, the article discusses casting alloys, dies, and cells, and describes some of the benefits of structural die castings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001375
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... cleaning steps of base-metals. electrodeposited interlayers foil interlayers hot isostatic pressing interlayer fabrication low-temperature solid-state welding surface preparation tensile strength uniaxial compression vacuum coated interlayers welding SOLID-STATE WELDING is the joining...
Abstract
This article describes low-temperature solid-state welding processes in relation to the interlayer fabrication method, welding method, and welding parameters. The interlayer fabrication method is used to produce vacuum coated interlayers, electrodeposited interlayers, and foil interlayers. The article discusses welding methods, including uniaxial compression and hot isostatic pressing. The article provides information on the effect of base-metal surface finish on the tensile strength of joints solid-state welded using silver interlayers in tabular form and addresses the surface cleaning steps of base-metals.
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