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Image
Schematic showing the steps of the countergravity pressure vacuum process. ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2008
Fig. 4 Schematic showing the steps of the countergravity pressure vacuum process. (a) Metal is melted in a vacuum chamber, and a hot mold is introduced into an isolated casting chamber. The mold fill pipe protrudes from the bottom of the support plate. The mold chamber is then sealed
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Image
Schematic showing the loose sand vacuum process. (a) Several molds, produce...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2008
Fig. 6 Schematic showing the loose sand vacuum process. (a) Several molds, produced using any of the bonded sand technologies, are placed atop a sheet of aluminum foil and protrude slightly below an open bottom tube, with the mold fill runners facing downward. (b) The region between
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Book Chapter
Vacuum Heat Treating Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005955
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... levels, resistance heating elements, quenching systems, work load support, pumping systems, and temperature control systems. It describes the classification of instruments used for measuring and recording pressure inside a vacuum processing chamber. Common devices include hydrostatic measuring devices...
Abstract
Vacuum heat treating consists of thermally treating metals and alloys in cylindrical steel chambers that have been pumped down to less than normal atmospheric pressure. This article provides a detailed account of the operations and designs of vacuum furnaces, discussing their pressure levels, resistance heating elements, quenching systems, work load support, pumping systems, and temperature control systems. It describes the classification of instruments used for measuring and recording pressure inside a vacuum processing chamber. Common devices include hydrostatic measuring devices and devices for measuring thermal and electrical conductivity. The article also describes the applications of the vacuum heat treating process, namely, vacuum nitriding and vacuum carburizing. Finally, it reviews the heat treating process of tool steels, stainless steels, Inconel 718, and titanium and its alloys.
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Vacuum systems for the low-pressure carburizing process. (a) Treatment cham...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2013
Fig. 7 Vacuum systems for the low-pressure carburizing process. (a) Treatment chamber as part of a multichamber system. (b) View into a single-chamber furnace
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Published: 01 December 2008
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Published: 01 December 2008
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Published: 01 December 2008
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Examples of vacuum-sintered parts manufactured by the FULDENS process. Note...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1990
Fig. 17 Examples of vacuum-sintered parts manufactured by the FULDENS process. Note the complexity of shapes attainable by this process. (a) Using cold isostatic pressing. (b) Using mechanical pressing
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Image
in Polycrystalline Cast Superalloys
> Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys
Published: 01 January 1990
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Vacuum bag molding techniques. (a) Wipe-out process for wet lay-ups. (b) Se...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 November 1995
Fig. 3 Vacuum bag molding techniques. (a) Wipe-out process for wet lay-ups. (b) Seal-off method for prepreg lay-ups
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Image
Published: 15 May 2022
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005265
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... vacuum process, countergravity low-pressure inert atmosphere process, countergravity pressure vacuum process, supported shell technique, loose sand vacuum process, and countergravity centrifugal casting process. countergravity centrifugal casting low-pressure countergravity casting mold filling...
Abstract
This article discusses the general principles and advantages of countergravity mold filling. It details several production implementations that use differential pressure countergravity mold filling methods, namely the countergravity low-pressure air process, countergravity low-pressure vacuum process, countergravity low-pressure inert atmosphere process, countergravity pressure vacuum process, supported shell technique, loose sand vacuum process, and countergravity centrifugal casting process.
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Physical and chemical processes at the film-vacuum interface during ion-bea...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1994
Fig. 2 Physical and chemical processes at the film-vacuum interface during ion-beam-assisted deposition and dual-ion-beam sputtering
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Image
Potential processing routes for products cast from vacuum induction melting...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2008
Fig. 6 Potential processing routes for products cast from vacuum induction melting (VIM) ingots or electrodes. VAR, vacuum are remelting; ESR, electroslag remelting; EB, electron beam; HIP, hot isostatic pressing. Source: Ref 1
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Image
Effect of vacuum induction degassing (VID) processing on the (a) hydrogen, ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2008
Fig. 32 Effect of vacuum induction degassing (VID) processing on the (a) hydrogen, (b) nitrogen, and (c) total oxygen contents of X 38 CrMoV 51 die steel (Fe-0.38C-1.0Si- 0.40Mn-5.2Cr-1.3Mo-0.40V)
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Book Chapter
Computational Analysis of the Vacuum Arc Remelting (VAR) and Electroslag Remelting (ESR) Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005510
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... Abstract This article provides an overview of the studies on computational modeling of the vacuum arc remelting (VAR) and electroslag remelting (ESR) processes. These models involve the axisymmetric analysis of the electromagnetic, flow, heat-transfer, and phase-change phenomena to predict...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the studies on computational modeling of the vacuum arc remelting (VAR) and electroslag remelting (ESR) processes. These models involve the axisymmetric analysis of the electromagnetic, flow, heat-transfer, and phase-change phenomena to predict the pool shape and thermal history of an ingot using two-dimensional axisymmetric models for VAR and ESR. Analysis of segregation of alloying elements during solidification that gives rise to macrolevel compositional nonuniformity in titanium alloy ingots is also described. The article discusses the important features of the control-volume-based computational method to review the unique aspects of the processes. Measurement of the properties of alloys and slags is explained and an analysis of the process variants for improving the predictive accuracy of the models is presented.
Image
Processes for secondary steelmaking. Stirring process: (a) bottom injection...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2008
Fig. 12 Processes for secondary steelmaking. Stirring process: (a) bottom injection and (b) lance injection. Injection processes: (c) powder injection and (d) wire feeding. Vacuum processes: (e) stream degassing, (f ) Ruhrstahl-Heraeus degassing, and (g) Dortmund-Horder-Huttenunion degassing
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Image
Schematic showing the steps of the countergravity low-pressure vacuum proce...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2008
Fig. 2 Schematic showing the steps of the countergravity low-pressure vacuum process. (a) Metal is melted in a vacuum chamber that is then flooded with argon. (b) A preheated mold is introduced into a separate upper chamber that is evacuated and then flooded with an equal pressure of argon
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Image
Processes for secondary steelmaking. Stirring process: (a) bottom injection...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1998
Fig. 10 Processes for secondary steelmaking. Stirring process: (a) bottom injection and (b) lance injection. Injection processes: (c) powder injection and (d) wire feeding. Vacuum processes: (e) stream degassing, (f) R-H degassing, and (g) D-H degassing. Heating processes: (h) VOD process, (i
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Image
Schematic showing cross section of components of a conventional color telev...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 November 1995
Fig. 13 Schematic showing cross section of components of a conventional color television tube. The glass envelope consists of a funnel section, a faceplate section, and a neck section. The tubulation is used to evacuate the tube and is removed after vacuum processing.
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