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ultrasonic imaging
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006473
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
.... It provides information on the dimension-measurement applications of ultrasonic inspection methods. ultrasonic imaging inspection area-amplitude blocks distance-amplitude blocks calibration defects WHEN ULTRASONIC NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING (NDT) was first applied, it was a workmanship standard...
Abstract
This article discusses the inspection/reference standards that are absolutely critical for proper application of ultrasonic inspection systems. Many of the standards and specifications for ultrasonic inspection require the use of standard reference blocks. The article lists the variables that should be considered when selecting standard reference blocks and describes the three types of standard blocks ordinarily used for calibration or reference: area-amplitude blocks, distance-amplitude blocks, and blocks of the type sanctioned by the International Institute of Welding. It reviews the determination of area-amplitude and distance-amplitude curves of a straight-beam pulse-echo ultrasonic inspection system. The article discusses the three principal conventional manual ultrasonic sizing techniques: 6 dB drop technique, maximum-amplitude technique, and 20 dB drop technique. It provides information on the dimension-measurement applications of ultrasonic inspection methods.
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Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 1 Schematic showing elements in the real-time ultrasonic imaging system. Courtesy of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
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in Laser-Ultrasonics—Principles and Industrial Applications
> Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 14 Sketch of full field imaging of vibration or ultrasonic motion with a photorefractive demodulator. CCD, charge-coupled device
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in In Situ X-Ray Imaging of Metal Additive Manufacturing Processes
> Additive Manufacturing Design and Applications
Published: 30 June 2023
Fig. 22 Synchronized x-ray imaging and ultrasonic measurements for laser spot welding. Reprinted with permission from Ref 54 . Copyright 2021, Acoustic Society of America
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in Basic Inspection Methods (Pulse-Echo and Transmission Methods)[1]
> Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 13 Ultrasonic images of a quarter. (a) Gate set for top surface. (b) Wide gate capturing both front and back surface data. Courtesy of Iowa State University Center for Nondestructive Evaluation
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Image
Published: 01 January 2001
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in Nondestructive Testing of Composites (Polymer- and Metal-Matrix Composites)[1]
> Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials
Published: 01 August 2018
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in Laser-Ultrasonics—Principles and Industrial Applications
> Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 29 Laser ultrasonic inspection of an automotive suspension frame fillet weld. (a) Laser ultrasonic image combined with optical profilometry of the bead surface. (b) Metallographic image obtained after sectioning the weld with results (superimposed in red and yellow) derived from
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006936
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... the linear and phased array systems that are sometimes used for large-scale inspection tasks to reduce scan times, the various gating and image processing techniques, and how ultrasonic data are interpreted and presented. A brief section on future trends in ultrasonic inspection is presented at the end...
Abstract
Of the many different nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques, ultrasonic inspection continues to be the leading nondestructive method for inspecting composite materials, because measurements can be quantitative and the typical defect geometries and orientations lend themselves to detection and characterization. This article focuses on the three common methods for ultrasonic nondestructive inspection of plastics, namely pitch-catch, through-transmission, and pulse-echo, as well as the three basic types of ultrasonic NDE scans: the A-scan, B-scan, and C-scan. The discussion includes the linear and phased array systems that are sometimes used for large-scale inspection tasks to reduce scan times, the various gating and image processing techniques, and how ultrasonic data are interpreted and presented. A brief section on future trends in ultrasonic inspection is presented at the end of the article.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006452
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... applications. It discusses the mathematics behind classical beamforming, full matrix capture, and total focusing methods of imaging. The article shows how ultrasonic array data can be simulated by direct numerical methods (most commonly using finite-element methods), analytical methods, or hybrid methods...
Abstract
Ultrasound is an ideal modality for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) because it enables the interior of objects to be assessed without the safety and access issues associated with radiography. This article summarizes the history of array usage in NDE and its relationship to medical applications. It discusses the mathematics behind classical beamforming, full matrix capture, and total focusing methods of imaging. The article shows how ultrasonic array data can be simulated by direct numerical methods (most commonly using finite-element methods), analytical methods, or hybrid methods. It also considers various methods of comparing the performance of arrays and imaging algorithms. The article provides a comparison of various advanced and nonlinear imaging algorithm and looks at some practical industrial applications of arrays. It concludes with some future perspectives for arrays in NDE.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006982
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
... images during the rotation of the specimen or the scanner, followed by a reconstruction of a three-dimensional (3D) image ( Ref 3 , 4 ). It gives highly resolved 3D images of the tested samples. Ultrasonic testing (UT) is another method used for AM components ( Ref 5 ) in many industries such as power...
Abstract
This article focuses on ultrasonic testing (UT) applied to metallic additive manufacturing (AM) parts, presenting the basic principles of UT. It provides a detailed discussion on postprocess UT inspection of powder-bed-fusion-manufactured samples and directed-energy-deposition-manufactured samples.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006474
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
.... acoustical holography liquid-surface acoustical holography optical holography scanning acoustical holography sleeve-bearing stock through-transmission breast imaging system ACOUSTICAL HOLOGRAPHY is the extension of holography into the ultrasonic domain. The principles of acoustical holography...
Abstract
Acoustical holography is the extension of holography into the ultrasonic domain. The basic systems for acoustical holography are the liquid-surface type and the scanning type. This article discusses the applications for acoustical holography, including inspection of large composite parts, through-transmission breast imaging system, inspection of welds in thick materials, and inspection of sleeve-bearing stock. It describes the basic system for liquid-surface acoustical holography and scanning acoustical holography. A comparison between these techniques is also provided.
Image
in Laser-Ultrasonics—Principles and Industrial Applications
> Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 24 Laser-ultrasonic C-scan image of part of the horizontal stabilizer of a CF-18 airplane in undismantled and ready for take-off conditions. It is notable that, unlike conventional water jet ultrasonics, laser-ultrasonics allows scanning to the very edge of the part.
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in Analysis and Prevention of Environmental- and Corrosion-Related Failures
> Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 8 Scanning electron microscopy image of ultrasonically cleaned fracture surface revealing corrosion debris and loose crystals
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Published: 01 January 2001
Image
Published: 15 June 2020
Fig. 1 Images of various parts fabricated using ultrasonic additive manufacturing. (a) Heat exchanger fabricated with hybrid capabilities. (b) Component with embedded electronics. (c) Component with embedded fiber optic strain gages. (d) Heat exchanger. (e) Heat exchanger fabricated
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in Nondestructive Testing of Composites (Polymer- and Metal-Matrix Composites)[1]
> Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials
Published: 01 August 2018
Image
in Review of Ultrasonic Testing for Metallic Additively Manufactured Parts
> Additive Manufacturing Design and Applications
Published: 30 June 2023
Fig. 17 Ultrasonic testing images (A-, B-, C-, and D-scans) corresponding to the scan presented in Fig. 16
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006469
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... methods are discussed in the following sections. The related topic of sizing and imaging is considered in the article “Ultrasonic Imaging and Sizing” in this Volume. Pulse-Echo Methods In pulse-echo inspection, short bursts of ultrasonic energy (pulses) are introduced into a test piece at regular...
Abstract
This article considers the two primary methods used for ultrasonic inspection: pulse-echo and the transmission methods. Pulse-echo inspection can be accomplished with longitudinal, shear, surface (Rayleigh), or Lamb (plate) waves using a diverse range of transducers. The article discusses the principles of each of these inspection methods. It describes the applications and the basic data formats for single-element transducer-based systems, including A-scans, B-scans, and C-scans. The article provides information on electronic equipment used for ultrasonic inspection. It also describes how specific material conditions produce and modify A-scan indications. The article provides information on the controls and their functions for the display unit of the electronic equipment. It describes the techniques used for the identification and characterization of flaws, namely, surface (Rayleigh) wave and ultrasonic polar scan techniques.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006460
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... with a photorefractive demodulator. The mask could be replaced by other optical elements such as a holographic grating or a fiber bundle array to project a light spot distribution onto the surface of the object. Full field imaging of vibration or ultrasonic motion at the surface of an object can be obtained...
Abstract
Laser-ultrasonics is a particular implementation of ultrasonic nondestructive inspection in which ultrasound is generated and detected by lasers. This article discusses the various mechanisms that ensure ultrasound generation and explains the possibility to get the equivalent of phase-array by numerical processing of an array of previously acquired laser-ultrasonic signals. The article describes the ultrasound generation by thermoelastic mechanism and ablation or vaporization. It illustrates the principle of optical detection of ultrasound with confocal Fabry-Perot interferometer and photorefractive two-wave mixing interferometer. The article concludes with information on the industrial applications of laser-ultrasonics, including thickness measurement, flaw detection, and material characterization.
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