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Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005218
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... topography, two-dimensional X-ray radiography, and ultra-fast three-dimensional X-ray tomography. solidification microstructure solidification two-dimensional X-ray topography two-dimensional X-ray radiography in situ monitoring X-ray imaging synchrotron radiation ultra-fast three-dimensional X...
Book

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.9781627081900
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006478
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... ( x , t ) = β λ I 0 ρ C p e − β x ∫ 0 t f ( t ′ , τ ) d t ′ where β λ is the wavelength-dependent optical absorption coefficient (m −1 ), I 0 is the absorbed energy density of the laser (J/m 2 ), ρ is the material density, C p...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0007023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
... on maturity and standardization Table 1 Nondestructive testing classification based on maturity and standardization Conventional Advanced Emerging Visual testing Phased array ultrasonic testing Resonance acoustic method Ultrasonic testing X-ray computed tomography Impulse excitation...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006583
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... collimators for x-ray detectors and single-photon emission computed tomography systems ( Fig. 5 ). Collimators of smaller-sized diameter holes and septa are required for obtaining high-resolution images. Tungsten collimators of hole sizes 500 to 525 μm, septal thickness of 150 μm, and length of 25 to 40 mm...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006982
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
... traditional techniques (casting, machining) and therefore with reduced time to market ( Ref 1 , 2 ). Nondestructive testing (NDT) of parts made by AM is a key aspect in this expanding industry. The main NDT method used in the AM industry is x-ray computed tomography (XCT), which consists of recording x-ray...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.9781627084390
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
Book

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.9781627082907
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006945
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
..., software and hardware, beam and electronic stability, antivibration, and so on Commercial availability of stable ion sources for dual-beam SEMs and scanning ion microscopes Intense x-ray sources for large- and small-scale computer-aided tomography (CAT) in the form of synchrotron sources down...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006893
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
.... Fig. 7 Flowchart from medical data applied to the final part. 3D, three-dimensional; AM, additive manufacturing; CAD, computer-aided design; CT, computed tomography; FEA, finite element analysis MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; STL, standard triangle language. Source: Ref 13 . Copyright © 2019...
Book

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.9781627082136
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
Book Chapter

By Yoosuf N. Picard
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006668
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
..., sample composition, and the specific signal being detected. Signals are most commonly secondary electrons, backscattered electrons, and x-rays. Other possible signals that can be generated and detected in the SEM include visible light (cathodoluminescence), beam induced current, and Auger electrons...
Book Chapter

By Nabil Bassim, John Notte
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006677
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... consists of a stack of axes such as X , Y , and Z for translation and T and R for tilt and rotation. The stacking order will vary from one model of instrument to another, as will the range of motions available. An example of a particular stage concept is show in Fig. 2 . Often the stage...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006570
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... change, surface and volume defects are likely present in a part fabricated by AM. The inevitable internal pores ( Fig. 1 ) are revealed by computed tomography (CT) x-ray scanning on a sample after selective laser melting (SLM). Anisotropic residual stress and shrinkage due to sintering and solidification...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006972
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
... tomography combined with high-speed imaging and dynamic x-ray radiography ( Ref 43 ). Lack-of-Fusion Porosity Sources Lack-of-fusion porosity arises during L-PBF when the heat penetration is insufficient to metallurgically bond a newly formed layer (by means of solidification of the melt pool...
Book Chapter

By Masashi Watanabe
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006681
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
..., nm Radio wave 10 6 –10 12 60 0.00487 Infrared ray 10 3 –10 5 100 0.00387 Visible light 390–760 200 0.00251 Ultraviolet ray 13–390 400 0.00164 X-ray 0.05–10 1000 0.00087 γ-ray 0.005–0.1 … … Source: Ref 1 The primary motivation to use electrons...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006557
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... to detect defects using x-ray computed tomography and to heal the pores through postprocessing HIP have shown significant improvements to the as-built structural integrity of AM components. Nonetheless, metal AM postprocessing and inspection are both cost- and time-expensive, restricting the widespread use...
Book

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.9781627083874
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.9781627083959
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
Book

Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.9781627082006
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6