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Book Chapter
Corrosive Wear Failures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003567
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... means for combating corrosive wear, namely, materials selection, surface treatments, and handling-environment modifications. aqueous slurry corrosive wear grinding impact wear materials selection surface treatment three-body abrasive-corrosive wear two-body corrosive wear CORROSIVE...
Abstract
This article focuses on the corrosion-wear synergism in aqueous slurry and grinding environments. It describes the effects of environmental factors on corrosive wear and provides information on the impact and three-body abrasive-corrosive wear. The article also discusses the various means for combating corrosive wear, namely, materials selection, surface treatments, and handling-environment modifications.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006415
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
...-corrosion effects. It illustrates the mechanism of corrosive-abrasive wear and discusses the factors affecting two-body wear. These factors include particle shape, size, density, and hardness; slurry velocity; slurry particle angle of attack; solids concentration in the slurry; hydrodynamic factors...
Abstract
Tribocorrosion is the subject dealing with complex, synergistic effects of chemical and mechanical conditions that cause wear. This article begins with a discussion on oxidative wear and corrosive wear, as well as quantitative measurements of corrosion, mechanical wear, and wear-corrosion effects. It illustrates the mechanism of corrosive-abrasive wear and discusses the factors affecting two-body wear. These factors include particle shape, size, density, and hardness; slurry velocity; slurry particle angle of attack; solids concentration in the slurry; hydrodynamic factors; corrosion products and the mass transfer of oxygen. The article describes slurry particle impingement tests and grinding tribocorrosion tests, as well as the factors to be considered for mitigating corrosive wear, such as materials selection, surface treatments, and environment modifications.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005668
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
.... The article illustrates a practical tribocorrosion setup that allows a user to perform wear tests in corrosive environments under well-defined electrochemical conditions and at controlled temperature. It explains the effect of changes in electrical contact resistance on tribological mode. The article...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the fundamentals of tribology. It describes the advantages, disadvantages, and applications of the pin-on-disk method, which is the most commonly used configuration for testing biomaterials and for the reproducible measurement of friction and wear. The article illustrates a practical tribocorrosion setup that allows a user to perform wear tests in corrosive environments under well-defined electrochemical conditions and at controlled temperature. It explains the effect of changes in electrical contact resistance on tribological mode. The article discusses various in vivo environmental conditions in tribological tests. Some typical examples of biomaterials testing are also provided.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006382
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... Abstract Abrasive wear is a surface-damage process with material loss caused by hard asperities or abrasive particles occurring when two surfaces are sliding against each other. There are two types of abrasive wear: two-body abrasion and three-body abrasion. This article discusses the abrasive...
Abstract
Abrasive wear is a surface-damage process with material loss caused by hard asperities or abrasive particles occurring when two surfaces are sliding against each other. There are two types of abrasive wear: two-body abrasion and three-body abrasion. This article discusses the abrasive wear mechanism in ductile materials and commonly used testers for evaluating the resistance of materials to abrasive wear. The testers include pin-on-disk, block-on-ring, block-on-drum, and dry sand/rubber wheel abrasion tester. The article reviews the abrasion resistance of metallic materials, ceramic materials, and polymeric materials. It discusses factors that influence abrasive wear, including the environment, hardness, toughness, microstructure, and lubrication.
Book Chapter
Biotribology of Medical Implants
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006404
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
..., an oral environment mainly consists of saliva, which is an extremely complex and corrosive fluid to most implant materials. Body fluids vary widely and include blood, urine, saliva, sputum, tears, and so on. In terms of wear, they can be broadly classified into five categories based on their location...
Abstract
The human internal environment plays a vital role in the friction and wear of implants and prosthetic devices. This article describes the tribological/wear behavior of implants. It discusses the classification of active tribological pairs, namely, amphiarthosis joints and diarthosis joints. The article details the classification of total knee replacement, depending on the type of mechanical stability, including nonconstrained knee replacement, semiconstrained knee replacement, and constrained knee replacement. It also discusses the classifications of passive tribological pairs, namely, total disc replacement in the spine, dental implants, and temporomandibular joint. It describes the various testing methods for characterizing the implant materials used in hip, knee, spine, and dental applications. The article also describes the typical standards used for testing wear behavior of tribological pairs, namely, hip-wear simulation standards, knee-wear simulation standards, and spinal disc-wear simulation standards.
Book Chapter
Gaseous Corrosion-Wear Interactions
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003630
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... of contact include two-body wear and three-body wear. Two-body wear occurs when an abrasive interacts with a single surface. Three-body wear occurs when an abrasive interacts with two surfaces or with a single surface and other particles. Two-body systems typically experience 10 to 1000 times as much loss...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on the mechanisms of wear and their interactions with gaseous corrosion. The wear mechanisms include abrasive, erosive, fretting, and sliding. The measurement of degradation on combustion walls in coal-fired boilers is discussed. The article concludes with information on the common coating techniques used for wear-corrosion control.
Book Chapter
Abrasive Wear Failures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006790
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... manifestation of this type of wear is the groove produced in the surface, abrasive wear has also been termed grooving wear ( Ref 7 ). Further refinements to this definition include classification into categories as to the types, or modes, of abrasive wear that occur, such as two- and three-body abrasion...
Abstract
Engineered components fail predominantly in four major ways: fracture, corrosion, wear, and undesirable deformation (i.e., distortion). Typical fracture mechanisms feature rapid crack growth by ductile or brittle cracking; more progressive (subcritical) forms involve crack growth by fatigue, creep, or environmentally-assisted cracking. Corrosion and wear are another form of progressive material alteration or removal that can lead to failure or obsolescence. This article primarily covers the topic of abrasive wear failures, covering the general classification of wear. It also discusses methods that may apply to any form of wear mechanism, because it is important to identify all mechanisms or combinations of wear mechanisms during failure analysis. The article concludes by presenting several examples of abrasive wear.
Book Chapter
Abrasive Wear Failures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003560
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... to the aforementioned classification scheme, the term two- and three-body abrasive wear, that is, components of sliding abrasion, has also been used to discriminate between abrasion modes. Gouging Abrasion Gouging abrasion occurs under conditions where abrasive particles indent and move over the wear...
Abstract
Wear, a form of surface deterioration, is a factor in a majority of component failures. This article is primarily concerned with abrasive wear mechanisms such as plastic deformation, cutting, and fragmentation which, at their core, stem from a difference in hardness between contacting surfaces. Adhesive wear, the type of wear that occurs between two mutually soluble materials, is also discussed, as is erosive wear, liquid impingement, and cavitation wear. The article also presents a procedure for failure analysis and provides a number of detailed examples, including jaw-type rock crusher wear, electronic circuit board drill wear, grinding plate wear failure analysis, impact wear of disk cutters, and identification of abrasive wear modes in martensitic steels.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003242
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... surfaces being pressed together. If one of the surfaces is much harder and contains sharp points that plow or cut through the other surface, possibly producing thin chips, then two-body abrasive wear is said to occur. An example of this is sandpaper abrading wood. In contrast, three-body abrasive wear...
Abstract
Wear is mechanically-induced surface damage that results in the progressive removal of material. Because different types of wear occur in machinery, many different types of wear tests have been developed to evaluate its effects on materials and surface treatments. This article provides an explanation on mechanisms, forms (sliding, impact, and rolling) and the causes of wear. It describes the wear measuring methods, including the mass loss method, wear width method, and scar depth method. The units used to report wear vary with type of wear and with the purpose for which the data are to be used. Listing the considerations of tribosystem analysis, the article provides information on selection of ASTM wear test methods grouped by wear type. The article concludes by tabulating the testing geometries and parameters that are commonly controlled and reported when conducting wear tests.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003558
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... between two solid bodies (for example, sliding). The term erosion is used where the wear is caused by a fluid, a stream of particles, or bubbles (in the case of cavitation), not by contact between two solid bodies. The operational classification for nonabrasive wear situations ( Table 1 ) is directly...
Abstract
This article focuses on the types of activities required for the resolution of wear problems. These include examining and characterizing the tribosystem; characterizing and modeling the wear process; obtaining and evaluating wear data; and evaluating and verifying the solution.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Adhesion, Friction, and Wear Testing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003279
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... to abrasive wear in the mining and agriculture industries alone is staggering. Several types of two-body and three-body abrasive wear tests are described. As with other types of wear, more than one kind of test can be needed to establish the suitability of a given material, coating, or surface treatment...
Abstract
This article discusses the tests designed specifically to evaluate the adhesion, friction, and wear behavior of various material systems. It tabulates the characteristics of common types of wear and mechanical surface damage. The article also considers the displaying and analyzing of adhesion, friction, and wear test data. It concludes with a description of devices used for testing adhesion, friction, and wear.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001819
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... by standards of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), as listed below, and by other national standards. These materials are corrosion resistant and well accepted by body tissues (biocompatible) and therefore satisfy two of the basic...
Abstract
This article commences with a description of the prosthetic devices and implants used for internal fixation. It describes the complications related to implants and provides a list of major standards for orthopedic implant materials. The article illustrates the body environment and its interactions with implants. The considerations for designing internal fixation devices are also described. The article analyzes failed internal fixation devices by explaining the failures of implants and prosthetic devices due to implant deficiencies, mechanical or biomechanical conditions, and degradation. Finally, the article discusses the fatigue properties of implant materials and the fractures of total hip joint prostheses.
Book Chapter
Corrosion Effects on the Biocompatibility of Metallic Materials and Implants
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004205
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... and particulate materials to corrosion. The effect of metal ions from an implanted device on the human body is also discussed. The article concludes with information on the possible cancer-causing effects of metallic biomaterials. biocompatibility corrosion metallic biomaterials metal ions...
Abstract
In the field of medical device development and testing, the corrosion of metallic parts can lead to significant adverse effects on the biocompatibility of the device. This article describes the mechanisms of metal and alloy biocompatibility. It reviews the response of implant metals and particulate materials to corrosion. The effect of metal ions from an implanted device on the human body is also discussed. The article concludes with information on the possible cancer-causing effects of metallic biomaterials.
Book Chapter
Biocompatibility of Metallic Materials for Medical Devices—The Effects of Corrosion and Corrosion Products
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005652
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... conditions surrounding the device, wear of moving surfaces, and fretting between components may all contribute to the loss of corrosion protection. In some cases, the increased corrosion may itself contribute to changes in the physiological environment and further corrosion problems. All implanted metals...
Abstract
This article discusses the mechanisms of metal and alloy biocompatibility. It provides information on early testing and experience with metals in medical device applications. The article describes the response of implant and particulate materials to severe corrosion. It provides a description of metal binding and its effects on metabolic processes. Hypersensitive responses to metal ions are also reviewed. The article concludes with a discussion on the possible cancer-causing effects of metallic biomaterials.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003283
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... associated with three-body wear and the greater values with that of two-body wear ( Ref 11 ). Although diamond indenters are usually used in scratch testing because of their prevalence in hardness testing, any material can be used as the scratch stylus. Although details of scratch testing are not covered...
Abstract
The article provides a discussion on the parameters influencing abrasive wear and the elements and standards of abrasion wear tests. It emphasizes the general test procedures, advantages, and limitations of various types of abrasive wear testing. Wear testing for scratch wear, dry abrasion against fixed particles, dry abrasion against loose particles, wet abrasion against fixed or loose particles, gouging-abrasion, small particle erosion, impact abrasion, slurry abrasion, and microabrasion, are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006829
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... Abstract Fretting is a wear phenomenon that occurs between two mating surfaces; initially, it is adhesive in nature, and vibration or small-amplitude oscillation is an essential causative factor. Fretting generates wear debris, which oxidizes, leading to a corrosion-like morphology...
Abstract
Fretting is a wear phenomenon that occurs between two mating surfaces; initially, it is adhesive in nature, and vibration or small-amplitude oscillation is an essential causative factor. Fretting generates wear debris, which oxidizes, leading to a corrosion-like morphology. This article focuses on fretting wear related to debris formation and ejection. It reviews the general characteristics of fretting wear, with an emphasis on steel. The review covers fretting wear in mechanical components, various parameters that affect fretting; quantification of wear induced by fretting; and the experimental results, map approach, measurement, mechanism, and prevention of fretting wear. This review is followed by several examples of failures related to fretting wear.
Book Chapter
Tribology and Wear of Bearing Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006393
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... with a Gaussian texture can be fully separated with a lubricant film when Λ > 3. Based on statistics, the Λ that denotes full separation may deviate from 3 for non-Gaussian textures. The risks of adhesive wear and two-body abrasion can be eliminated when surfaces are fully separated by a lubricant film. Note...
Abstract
This article discusses the composition, properties and applications of bearing steels. It focuses on the typical wear modes that rolling-element bearings experience: contact fatigue wear, abrasive wear, adhesive wear, and corrosive wear. The article provides information on reliability factor and ABMA and ISO environmental factors.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002474
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... Design” and “Methods for Wear Design.” Additional comprehensive information on tribology is provided in Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology, Volume 18 of the ASM Handbook. Wear Behavior Three general types of wear situations are common. The first occurs when two solid bodies...
Abstract
Wear is the damage to a solid surface as a result of relative motion between it and another surface or substance. This article discusses the four general ways by which a material can wear, namely, adhesive wear, abrasive wear, fatigue or fatigue-like wear, and corrosive wear. It tabulates the operational classification of wear situations and describes the relationship between wear or wear rate and design parameters. The article reviews the effect of lubrication on wear behavior and the types of lubricants. It illustrates some fundamental criteria that can be applied in the selection of a material for wear applications. The article explains four elements of wear design, such as system analysis, modeling, data gathering, and verification. It concludes with a discussion on the design approach for low-wear computer peripherals.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006789
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... blades; centrifugal pumps; ship propellers; high-speed lubricated sliding bearings Corrosive wear Wear conjoint with corrosion, as in a metal bushing versus a shaft immersed in water Rolling wear occurs when two bodies roll one over the other. Some sliding always occurs in the contact region...
Abstract
This article considers the main characteristics of wear mechanisms and how they can be identified. Some identification examples are reported, with the warning that this task can be difficult because of the presence of disturbing factors such as contaminants or possible additional damage of the worn products after the tribological process. Then, the article describes some examples of wear processes, considering possible transitions and/or interactions of the mechanism of fretting wear, rolling-sliding wear, abrasive wear, and solid-particle erosion wear. The role of tribological parameters on the material response is presented using the wear map concept, which is very useful and informative in several respects. The article concludes with guidelines for the selection of suitable surface treatments to avoid wear failures.
Book Chapter
Friction and Wear of Dental Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005677
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... mechanism such as the sliding adhesive wear, two-body abrasion, three-body abrasion, erosion, and fatigue. ceramics composite restorative materials dental amalgam dental cements dental feldspathic porcelain dental materials endodontic instruments erosion fatigue fissure sealants fracture...
Abstract
This article reviews friction and wear of various dental materials that have been studied by fundamental wear measurements, simulated service wear measurements, and clinical measurements. The materials include dental amalgam, composite restorative materials, pit and fissure sealants, dental cements, porcelain and plastic denture teeth, dental feldspathic porcelain and ceramics, endodontic instruments, periodontal instruments, and orthodontic wires. The article describes the correlations of properties such as the hardness, fracture toughness, and wear. It provides information on wear mechanism such as the sliding adhesive wear, two-body abrasion, three-body abrasion, erosion, and fatigue.
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