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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003983
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... Abstract Rotary swaging is an incremental metalworking process for reducing the cross-sectional area or otherwise changing the shape of bars, tubes, or wires by repeated radial blows with two or more dies. This article discusses the applicability of swaging and metal flow during swaging...
Abstract
Rotary swaging is an incremental metalworking process for reducing the cross-sectional area or otherwise changing the shape of bars, tubes, or wires by repeated radial blows with two or more dies. This article discusses the applicability of swaging and metal flow during swaging. It describes the types of rotary swaging machines, auxiliary tools, and swaging dies used for rotary swaging and the procedure for determining the side clearance in swaging dies. The article presents an overview of automated swaging machines and tube swaging, with and without a mandrel. It analyzes the effect of reduction, feed rate, die taper angle, surface contaminants, lubrication, and material response on swaging operation. The article discusses the applications for which swaging is the best method for producing a given shape, and compares swaging with alternative processes. It concludes with a discussion on special applications of swagging.
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 9 Microstructures of specimens from carbon steel boiler tubes subjected to prolonged overheating below Ac 1 . (a) Voids (black) in grain boundaries and spheroidization (light, globular), both of which are characteristic of tertiary creep. 250×. (b) Intergranular separation adjacent
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 10 Typical microstructures of 0.18% C steel boiler tubes that ruptured as a result of rapid overheating. (a) Elongated grains near tensile rupture resulting from rapid overheating below the recrystallization temperature. (b) Mixed structure near rupture resulting from rapid overheating
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 12 Plots of scale thickness versus temperature for two sizes of boiler tubes and two values of heat flux. (a) and (b) The effect of scale thickness on the temperature gradient across the scale. (c) and (d) The effect of scale thickness on the temperature of the metal at the outer surface
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 13 Superheater tubes made of chromium-molybdenum steel (ASME SA-213, grade T-11) that ruptured because of overheating. (a) Tube that failed by stress rupture. (b) Resultant loss of circulation and tensile failure
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 14 Ruptured tubes from a pendant-style reheater. (a) As-received sections from the toe of the reheater. (b) Creep-type failure typical of all the failed tubes. See also Fig. 15 .
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 7 Copper-nickel alloy heat-exchanger tubes that failed from denickelification due to attack by water and steam. (a) Etched section through a copper alloy C71000 tube showing dealloying (light areas) around the tube surfaces. Etched with NH 4 OH plus H 2 O. 3.7×. (b) Unetched section
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 10 Failed admiralty brass heat-exchanger tubes from a refinery reformer unit. The tubes failed by corrosion fatigue. (a) Circumferential cracks on the tension (outer) surface of the U-bends. Approximately 1 1 4 ×. (b) Blunt transgranular cracking from the water side of tube 1. 40×
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 9 Uniform corrosion of steel tubes in boiler feedwater containing oxygen (O 2 ) and a chelating water-treating chemical
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 16 Pitting on the outside surface of type 316 stainless steel tubes, with downward propagation. Source: Ref 20
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 29 Pitting and stress corrosion in type 316 stainless steel evaporator tubes. (a) Rust-stained and pitted area near the top of the evaporator tube. Not clear in the photograph, but visually discernible, are myriads of fine, irregular cracks. (b) Same area shown in (a) but after dye
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in Elevated-Temperature Life Assessment for Turbine Components, Piping, and Tubing
> Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 5 Representative microstructures of carbon steel tubes. (a) Lamellar pearlite of a tube before service. (b) Spheroidization of iron carbide (Fe 3 C) in steel tube after exposure to long heating at 540 °C (1000 °F). (c) Graphitization that occurred in a carbon steel component
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in Elevated-Temperature Properties of Stainless Steels
> Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 16 100,000-h creep-rupture strength of various steels used in boiler tubes. TB12 steel has as much as five times the 100,000-h creep-rupture strength of conventional ferritic steels at 600 °C (1110 °F). This allows an increase in boiler tube operating temperature of 120 to 130 °C (215
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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 16 Five types of mandrels most often used in the rotary swaging of tubes
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Published: 31 October 2011
Fig. 10 Cutting speeds for tubes of various materials, with O 2 as well as N 2 assist gas and with CO 2 laser and fiber laser-cutting systems. F3 indicates 3 kW fiber laser, and C3.5 indicates 3.5 kW CO 2 laser; MS, mild steel; SS, stainless steel; and AL, aluminum. Courtesy of BLM Group
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Published: 31 October 2011
Fig. 7 Cross section of tubes with coil and core for magnetic impulse welding
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Published: 01 January 1989
Fig. 12 Cannula tubes, for medical applications, finished by abrasive flow machining. (a) Twenty four parts are processed in one fixture. (b) Detail of (a).
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Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 18 Typical distortion of square copper alloy tubes in stretch forming. Dimensions given in inches
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Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 7 Typical sequences for forming round pipes and tubes. (a to c) With a butt-welded longitudinal seam. (d) With a lock-seam joint.
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