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Book Chapter

By Gerald Flanagan, Carol Meyers
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003385
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... stiffness effects. The article presents the study of instability associated with postbuckling behavior and hygrothermal buckling in composite sandwich panels and shell panels. composites orthotropic plates anisotropic plates unsymmetric plates transverse shear stiffness postbuckling hygrothermal...
Book Chapter

By Stephen Ward
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003388
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... and assume that the core is a special type of ply with no in-plane stiffness, but with the correct transverse shear stiffness: (Eq 1) [ N M ] = [ A B B D ] [ ε κ ] Use a program that will also determine the transverse shear stiffness...
Book Chapter

By Naveen Rastogi
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003389
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... C 45 Q 55 ] { e θ z e x z } where the transverse shear stiffnesses, C 44 , C 45 , and C 55 , are given by Eq 5 . Substitution of Eq 28 into the last two equalities of Eq 21 , in conjunction with Eq 12 for the transverse shear...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003378
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... modulus, from approximately 50° to just less than 90°, the extensional stiffness is less than the E 2 value. This is a most interesting result, indicating that for these angles, the material stiffness is governed more strongly by the principal material shear modulus than by the transverse extensional...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003377
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... the stiffness in the fiber direction, making the material highly anisotropic. For engineering purposes, it is necessary to determine Young's modulus in the fiber direction (large), Young's modulus transverse to the fibers (small), shear modulus along the fibers, and shear modulus in the plane transverse...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003383
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... describes the damping characteristics of unidirectional composites, when they are subjected to longitudinal shear, longitudinal tension/compression, and transverse tension/compression. It presents equations that govern the overall damping capacity of beams that are cut from laminated plates. The article...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003463
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... ), describes the state at which a saturated number of transverse cracks develop in each off-axis ply of a composite laminate as a result of tensile loading. Attaining the characteristic damage state corresponds to the knee of the bilinear stress-strain curve in a number of laminates ( Ref 3 ). Stiffness...
Book Chapter

By Jonathan Goering
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003387
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... to transverse stiffness of an intermediate modulus carbon/epoxy ply, for example, can be on the order of 30 or 40 to 1. Differences in strength can be even more profound, and it is not uncommon to use plies with transverse strengths that are nearly two orders of magnitude less than the longitudinal strength...
Book Chapter

By Lawrence A. Gintert
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003444
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... Beam Method Shear D 5448/D 5448M Inplane Shear Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders In-plane shear D 5449/D 5449M Transverse Compressive Properties of Hoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite Cylinders Transverse compression D 5450/D 5450M Transverse Tensile Properties...
Book Chapter

By R.J. Diefendorf
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002478
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... be oriented in different directions to provide the required stiffness and strengths, but space is not necessarily filled very efficiently. Woven fabrics often are used to replace uniaxial plies or are added locally to improve transverse properties. For triaxially stressed parts, composites usually do...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003330
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
.... The fundamental description of the engineering properties for a lamina under tension, compression, and shear loading is given in terms of the lamina coordinate system shown in Fig. 1 . The strength and stiffness properties are defined in Table 1 . If the material is transversely isotropic, then the indicated...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003379
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... at the lamina level, because of the vastly different transverse stiffnesses of the two fibers, in comparison with the stiffness of the matrix. Further differences arise from the different fiber strains-to-failure in comparison with that of the matrix. These theories can be used quite safely by anyone who...
Book Chapter

By Jim Kindinger
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003375
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... honeycomb overexpanded in the width (W), or transverse direction. This configuration approaches a rectangular shape, which is preferred when the core needs to be curved or formed around one axis. The OX cell increases shear properties in the W direction and decreases length (L), or longitudinal shear...
Book Chapter

By Suraj P. Rawal, John W. Goodman
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003475
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... (110) 655 (95) 275 (40) Elastic properties (typical) Longitudinal tensile modulus, GPa (10 6 psi) 234 (34) 296 (43) 330 (48) 400 (58) Transverse tensile modulus, GPa (10 6 psi) 8.3 (1.2) 6.9 (1.0) 6.9 (1.0) 6.9 (1.0) In-plane shear modulus, GPa (10 6 psi) 4.1 (0.6) 4.1 (0.6...
Book Chapter

By Chris Boshers
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003393
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... are often placed on lamina stiffness properties. Also, because of the potential for matrix nonlinearity, techniques to “linearize” certain nonlinear stiffnesses are often employed. For example, for PMC, the secant shear modulus of a lamina is often substituted for the initial shear modulus when assessing...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003458
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
.... The temporary repair should be designed so that it does not attract load into itself; therefore, it should be made from a material with a relatively low stiffness. Adhesively Bonded Repairs Adhesively bonded repairs are designed so the adhesive shear and peeling strengths and interlaminar strengths...
Book Chapter

By J. Randolph Kissell
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006486
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
... structures, which do not suffer this effect. Aluminum is more flexible than steel, so aluminum flexural members are often deeper than steel members to efficiently provide stiffness. An approximate rule of thumb is that aluminum structures weigh about one half of steel structures serving the same...
Book Chapter

By Jeffrey R. Schaff
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003382
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... is a critical issue in fatigue and generally results from high interlaminar normal and shear stresses. The article schematically illustrates the structural elements in which high interlaminar stresses are common. It concludes with a discussion on the classification of fatigue models such as mechanistic...
Book

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.9781627082105
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
Book Chapter

By John E. Moalli
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003461
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... resistance of the matrix material. If the composite is manufactured in such a way as to induce substantial voids in the resin, the flexural, transverse tensile, compressive, and interlaminar shear strength can all be negatively affected. Excessive voids can also reduce the environmental resistance...