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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006318
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... Abstract During the melting and solidification of cast irons, certain trace (minor) elements may unintentionally accumulate to an extent that they have a detrimental effect on the microstructure of castings. This article discusses the residual elements, trace elements, and tramp elements...
Abstract
During the melting and solidification of cast irons, certain trace (minor) elements may unintentionally accumulate to an extent that they have a detrimental effect on the microstructure of castings. This article discusses the residual elements, trace elements, and tramp elements in cast irons. Elements that influence the matrix structure of cast irons are commonly classified as ferrite-promoting elements or pearlite-promoting elements. The article describes the effects of minor elements on microstructure and properties of cast irons. It discusses the use of a combination of tools to control the effects of minor elements on the structure and properties of cast irons. The article concludes with information on allowable levels of trace and tramp elements in cast irons.
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Published: 01 January 1990
Image
Effect of trace elements on the stress-rupture properties of alloy 718. Tes...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2008
Fig. 8 Effect of trace elements on the stress-rupture properties of alloy 718. Test conditions: 650 °C (1200 °F), 690 MPa (100 ksi). Source: Ref 5
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Published: 01 December 2008
Book Chapter
Metallurgy Basics for Aluminum Surface Treatment
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006522
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... Abstract This article discusses the properties of aluminum surface and the applications of aluminum alloys. It explains the effects of trace elements on aluminum alloys. The article considers microstructural development of aluminum in terms of the surface and explains how it will impact...
Abstract
This article discusses the properties of aluminum surface and the applications of aluminum alloys. It explains the effects of trace elements on aluminum alloys. The article considers microstructural development of aluminum in terms of the surface and explains how it will impact corrosion resistance and surface treatment. It describes the thermodynamics of equilibrium oxidation processes and non-equilibrium corrosion processes. The article provides a discussion on aluminum oxidation under atmospheric and dynamic conditions. It presents the potential/pH (Pourbaix) diagram for aluminum under atmospheric and dynamic conditions. The article also explains the polarization effects during the formation of stable aluminum oxide under dynamic conditions. It concludes with information on the designation system for aluminum finishes.
Book Chapter
Vacuum Induction Melting
Available to PurchaseBook: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005200
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
.... It describes the VIM refinement process, which includes the removal of trace elements, nitrogen and hydrogen degassing, and deoxidation. The article concludes with information on the production of nonferrous materials by VIM. deoxidation trace elements vacuum induction melting electrodes refinement...
Abstract
Vacuum induction melting (VIM) is often done as a primary melting operation followed by secondary melting (remelting) operations. This article presents the process description of VIM and illustrates potential processing routes for products, which are cast from VIM ingots or electrodes. It describes the VIM refinement process, which includes the removal of trace elements, nitrogen and hydrogen degassing, and deoxidation. The article concludes with information on the production of nonferrous materials by VIM.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001334
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... Abstract High-velocity gas motion occurs in and around the arc during welding. This article describes the phenomena of gas flow in gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and gas metal arc welding (GMAW). The effect of trace element impurities on GTA weld penetration of selected alloys is presented...
Abstract
High-velocity gas motion occurs in and around the arc during welding. This article describes the phenomena of gas flow in gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and gas metal arc welding (GMAW). The effect of trace element impurities on GTA weld penetration of selected alloys is presented in a table. The article concludes with a discussion on submerged arc welding (SAW).
Book Chapter
Preparation and Characterization of Pure Metals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001115
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... used methods for ultrapurification of metals produced by electrolytic processes, including fractional crystallization, zone refining, vacuum melting, distillation, chemical vapor deposition, and solid state refining techniques. In addition, it describes the trace element analysis and resistance-ratio...
Abstract
The electronic microcircuit industry has placed severe demands on metal suppliers to provide metals of the highest reproducible purity attainable as a result of the constant quest for the true values of physical and chemical properties of metals. This article describes the commonly used methods for ultrapurification of metals produced by electrolytic processes, including fractional crystallization, zone refining, vacuum melting, distillation, chemical vapor deposition, and solid state refining techniques. In addition, it describes the trace element analysis and resistance-ratio test methods used to characterize purity. Tables list the values for resistance ratios of zone-refined metals and their corresponding chemical compositions, and provide an example of the detection of impurities to concentrations in the parts per billion range, utilizing a combination of the glow discharge mass spectroscopy method and Leco combustion methods.
Book Chapter
Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006648
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... Abstract This article provides a brief account of glow discharge mass spectrometry (GDMS) for direct determination of trace elements in solid samples and for fast depth profiling in a great variety of innovative materials. It begins by describing the general principles of GDMS. This is followed...
Abstract
This article provides a brief account of glow discharge mass spectrometry (GDMS) for direct determination of trace elements in solid samples and for fast depth profiling in a great variety of innovative materials. It begins by describing the general principles of GDMS. This is followed by a discussion on the various components of a GDMS system as well as commercial GDMS instruments. A description of processes involved in specimen preparation and cleaning in GDMS is then presented. Various problems pertinent to multielemental calibrations in GDMS are discussed along with measures to overcome them. The article further provides information on the processes involved in the analytical setup of parameters in GDMS, covering the steps involved in the analysis of GDMS data. It ends with a section on the application and interpretation of GDMS in the metals industry.
Book Chapter
Neutron Activation Analysis
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001748
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... Abstract Neutron activation analysis (NAA) is a highly sensitive and accurate method of assaying bulk materials for trace levels of many elements. This article provides a detailed account on several types of NAA, namely, nondestructive and radiochemical thermal neutron activation, delayed...
Abstract
Neutron activation analysis (NAA) is a highly sensitive and accurate method of assaying bulk materials for trace levels of many elements. This article provides a detailed account on several types of NAA, namely, nondestructive and radiochemical thermal neutron activation, delayed neutron counting, epithermal and 14-MeV fast neutron activation, and prompt gamma activation analysis. It also includes application examples, explaining where and how each method is used and the types of elements on which they are effective.
Image
Mass spectrum of an iron-base sample obtained by radio-frequency glow disch...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 December 2019
Fig. 2 Mass spectrum of an iron-base sample obtained by radio-frequency glow discharge time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Ion signals from plasma gas species and major, minor, and trace elements in the sample are highlighted. m/z, mass/charge number of ions
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Zinc distribution in a SiC shell after reconstruction from x-ray microfluor...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 42 Zinc distribution in a SiC shell after reconstruction from x-ray microfluorescence data. The spatial resolution was limited because available counting time restricted the number of steps. Source: Adapted from M. Naghedolfeizi et al., X-Ray Fluorescence Microtomography Study of Trace
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Zinc distribution in a SiC shell after reconstruction from x-ray microfluor...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 43 Zinc distribution in a SiC shell after reconstruction from x-ray microfluorescence data. The spatial resolution was limited because available counting time restricted the number of steps. Source: Adapted from M. Naghedolfeizi et al., X-Ray Fluorescence Microtomography Study of Trace
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Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003250
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... elemental analyses of major, minor, and trace elements in metals and alloys. Detection Threshold and Precision Threshold sensitivity on the order of tens of parts per million (ppm): 0.001 to 0.01% Precision of quantitative analyses: photographic instruments, ∼5% relative or 0.05% absolute...
Abstract
The overall chemical composition of metals and alloys is most commonly determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and optical emission spectroscopy (OES), and combustion and inert gas fusion analysis. This article provides information on the capabilities, uses, detection threshold and precision methods, and sample requirements. The amount of material that needs to be sampled, operating principles, and limitations of the stated methods are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006642
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... analysis Overview Introduction Neutron activation analysis (NAA) is a highly sensitive and accurate method of assaying bulk materials for major, minor, and trace levels of many elements. Neutron activation analysis has found broad application in materials science and in geological, biological...
Abstract
This article provides a detailed account of the concepts and applications of neutron activation analysis (NAA), covering the basic principles and neutron reactions of NAA as well as calibration methods used for NAA. The discussion also covers the factors pertinent to analytical sensitivity achievable with NAA, common neutron sources, sample-handling technique, and automated systems of NAA. The categories of NAA covered are instrumental neutron activation analysis, epithermal neutron activation analysis, radiochemical neutron activation analysis, 14 MeV fast neutron activation analysis, delayed neutron activation analysis, and prompt gamma activation analysis.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005579
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... ). In 1982, Heiple and Roper ( Ref 5 ) proposed that surface tension gradients are commonly the dominant forces driving fluid flow in GTA welds, and that these gradients could be drastically altered by very small concentrations of certain trace elements. Surface tension gradients exist on a weld pool surface...
Abstract
Fluid flow is important because it affects weld shape and is related to the formation of a variety of weld defects in gas tungsten arc (GTA) welds. This article describes the surface-tension-driven fluid flow model and its experimental observations. The effects of mass transport on arc plasma and weld pool are discussed. The article reviews the strategies for controlling poor and variable penetration and describes the formation of keyhole and fluid flow in electron beam and laser welds. It also explains the fluid flow in gas metal arc welding and submerged arc welding, presenting its transport equations.
Book Chapter
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006641
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
..., and other classical techniques despite their usefulness for many applications. Today (2019), ICP-MS is recognized as the most widely used and most quantitative technique for trace elemental analysis. ICP-MS provides quantitative elemental concentration, isotopic ratio, and nanoparticle concentration...
Abstract
This article discusses the basic principles of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), covering different instruments used for performing ICP-MS analysis. The instruments covered include the sample-introduction system, ICP ion source, mass analyzer, and ion detector. Emphasis is placed on ICP-MS applications in the semiconductor, photovoltaic, materials science, and other electronics and high-technology areas.
Book Chapter
Annealing and Recrystallization of Coppers
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.a0006278
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
... (a) 0.044 0.02 O C10940 … 99.90 Cu (a) 0.085 0.02 O C11000 (c) Electrolytic tough pitch (ETP) copper 99.90 Cu … Oxygen and trace elements can vary, depending on the process. C11010 (c) Remelted high-conductivity (RHC) copper 99.90 … Oxygen and trace elements can vary, depending...
Abstract
Cast and wrought coppers can be strengthened by cold working. This article provides information on minor alloying elements, such as beryllium, silicon, nickel, tin, zinc, and chromium, used to strengthen copper. It details annealing and recrystallization and grain growth characteristics of copper. The article also discusses the tensile-stress-relaxation behavior of selected types of copper wires.
Book Chapter
Effects of Metallurgical Variables on the Corrosion of Aluminum Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003618
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... particles generally formed from trace impurity elements that play a predominant role in pitting corrosion. The second category comprises the effects from precipitation of secondary phases and effects from solute remaining in solid solution on corrosion of aluminum. metallurgical effects corrosion...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the metallurgical effects on corrosion of different series of aluminum alloys (1xxx, 2xxx, 3xxx, 4xxx, 5xxx, 6xxx, and 7xxx) that are classified into two categories. The first category includes the effects from insoluble, intermetallic constituent particles generally formed from trace impurity elements that play a predominant role in pitting corrosion. The second category comprises the effects from precipitation of secondary phases and effects from solute remaining in solid solution on corrosion of aluminum.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001731
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... information on how to set up and run a variety of UV/VIS absorption tests. chemical analysis composition concentration profiles sample preparation spectrophotometry surface characterization trace element concentrations ultraviolet/visible absorption spectroscopy Overview Introduction...
Abstract
Ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) absorption spectroscopy is a powerful yet cost-effective tool that is widely used to identify organic compounds and to measure the concentration of principal and trace constituents in liquid, gas, and solid test samples. This article emphasizes the quantitative analysis of elements in metals and metal-bearing ores. The instrumentation required for such applications consists of a light source, a filter or wavelength selector, and some type of visual or automated sensing mechanism. The article examines common sensing options and provides helpful information on how to set up and run a variety of UV/VIS absorption tests.
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