Search Results for toughness

This article describes the fracture toughness behavior of austenitic stainless steels and their welds at ambient, elevated, and cryogenic temperatures. Minimum expected toughness values are provided for use in fracture mechanics evaluations. The article explains the effect of crack orientation, strain rate, thermal aging, and neutron irradiation on base metal and weld toughness. It discusses the effect of cold-work-induced strengthening on fracture toughness. The article examines the fracture toughness behavior of aged base metal and welding-induced heat-affected zones. It concludes with a discussion on the Charpy energy correlations for aged stainless steels.

This article describes the test methods of fracture toughness, namely, linear-elastic and nonlinear fracture toughness testing methods. Linear-elastic fracture toughness testing includes slow and rapid loading, crack initiation, and crack arrest method. Nonlinear testing comprises J IC testing, J-R curve evaluation, and crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) method. Other methods used include the combined J standard method, the common fracture toughness test, transition fracture toughness testing, and the weldment fracture testing method.

Notch toughness is an indication of the capacity of a steel to absorb energy when a stress concentrator or notch is present. The notch toughness of a steel product is the result of a number of interactive effects, including composition, deoxidation and steelmaking practices, solidification, and rolling practices, as well as the resulting microstructure. All carbon and high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels undergo a ductile-to-brittle transition as the temperature is lowered. The composition of a steel, as well as its microstructure and processing history, significantly affects both the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature range and the energy absorbed during fracture at any particular temperature.. Th article focuses on various aspects of notch toughness including the effects of composition and microstructure, general influence of manufacturing practices and the interactive effects that simultaneously influence notch toughness. With the exception of working direction, most of the same chemical, microstructural, and manufacturing factors that influence the notch toughness of wrought steels also apply to cast steels. The Charpy V-notch test is used worldwide to indicate the ductile-to-brittle transition of a steel. While Charpy results cannot be directly applied to structural design requirements, a number of correlations have been made between Charpy results and fracture toughness.

Alloy 7475 is a controlled-toughness alloy for sheet and plate product forms. This datasheet provides information on key alloy metallurgy, processing effects on physical and mechanical properties, and fabrication characteristics of this 7xxx series alloy.

This article introduces the concepts of linear-elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics (EPFM). It reviews the fracture mechanics of ceramics and ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). The article describes some fracture toughness measurement techniques used on ceramics and CMCs: single edge notch bending, compact tension, double cantilever beam testing, chevron notch methods, and double torsion. It presents descriptions organized by their specimen types, and includes the advantages and disadvantages, as well as the experimental control schemes employed for each specimen type.

The fracture-mechanics technology has significantly improved the ability to design safe and reliable structures and identify and quantify the primary parameters that affect structural integrity of materials. This article provides a discussion on fracture toughness of notched materials by explaining the ductile-to-brittle fracture transition and by correlating KId, KIc, and Charpy V-notch impact energy absorptions. It highlights the effects of constraint, temperature, and loading rate on the fracture transition. The article discusses the applications of fracture mechanism in limiting of operating stresses. It describes the mechanisms, testing methods, and effecting parameters of two main categories of fracture mechanics: linear-elastic fracture mechanics and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics. The article concludes with a discussion on the three major progressive stages of fatigue: crack initiation, crack growth, and fracture on the final cycle.

Fracture toughness is an empirical material property that is determined by one or more of a number of standard fracture toughness test methods. This article describes the fracture toughness test methods in a chronological outline, beginning with the methods that use the linear-elastic parameter. After this, the methods that use the nonlinear parameters are discussed. The article reviews some of the work in progress to update the standard test methods, namely, common fracture toughness test method and transition fracture toughness test method. Finally, an overview of fracture toughness testing for ceramic and polymer materials is provided.

Measurement and analysis of fracture behavior under high loading rates is carried out by different test methods. This article provides a discussion on the history and types of notch-toughness tests and focuses exclusively on notch-toughness tests with emphasis on the Charpy impact test. It reviews the requirements of test specimens, test machine, testing procedure and machine verification, application, and determination of fracture appearance and lateral expansion according to ASTM A370, E 23, and A 593 specifications. In addition, the article includes information on the instrumentation, standards and requirements, and limitations of instrumented Charpy impact test, which is carried out in specimens with induced fatigue precrack. The article concludes with a review of the requirements of drop weight testing and the specimens used in other notch-toughness tests.

This datasheet provides information on key alloy metallurgy and applications of Alclad 2029. It contains tables that present statistically determined mechanical property minimums for Alclad 2029-T8 sheet and plate. The plane stress fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth resistance of alloys 2029 and 2024 are illustrated.

This article aims to summarize the work on cryogenic strength and toughness and to present the fractography of aluminum alloys. It presents case studies on the importance of understanding the fractography of aluminum alloys and the role of microstructure in the appearance of fractographic features, with variables comprised of in-plane/through-thickness anisotropy, test temperature, heat treatment condition, and the effect of welding.

Fracture toughness is the ability of a material to withstand fracture in the presence of cracks. This article focuses on the use of fracture toughness as a parameter for engineering and design purposes. Both linear elastic and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics concepts are reviewed as they relate to fracture toughness and design process. The article explores the use of plane strain fracture toughness, crack-tip opening displacement, and the J-integral as the criteria for the design and safe operation of structures and mechanical components. It discusses the variables affecting fracture toughness, including yield strength, loading rate, temperature, and material thickness. A summary of different fatigue and fracture mechanics design philosophies and their relationship with fracture toughness is provided. The article concludes with information on the examples of fracture toughness in design.