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torch construction
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005590
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
..., and applications of the process. It describes the equipment used for GTAW, namely, power supplies, torch construction and electrodes, shielding gases, and filler metals as well as the GTAW welding procedures. The article concludes with a review of the safety precautions to avoid possible hazards during the GTAW...
Abstract
The gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process derives the heat for welding from an electric arc established between a tungsten electrode and the part to be welded. This article provides a discussion on the basic operation principles, advantages, disadvantages, limitations, and applications of the process. It describes the equipment used for GTAW, namely, power supplies, torch construction and electrodes, shielding gases, and filler metals as well as the GTAW welding procedures. The article concludes with a review of the safety precautions to avoid possible hazards during the GTAW process: electrical shock, fumes and gases, arc radiation, and fire and explosion.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001356
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
.... (a) Thyristor-controlled source. (b) Inverter-controlled source. Faster response of inverter-controlled arc welding machine (2 ms to go from 0 to 100 A) indicates a more stable arc. Torch Construction The welding torch holds the tungsten electrode that conducts the current to the arc, and it provides...
Abstract
The melting temperature necessary to weld materials in the gas-tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process is obtained by maintaining an arc between a tungsten alloy electrode and a workpiece. This article discusses the advantages and limitations and applications of the GTAW process. It schematically illustrates the key components of a GTAW manual torch. The article describes the process parameters, such as welding current, shielding gases, and filler metal. It discusses the GTAW process variations in terms of manual welding, mechanized welding, narrow groove welding, and automatic welding.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001483
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
.... The operator changes the cutting capacity of the torch by changing the cutting tip size and by resetting pressure regulators and control valves. Because different fuel gases have different combustion and flow characteristics, the construction of cutting tips, and sometimes of mixing chambers, varies according...
Abstract
Oxyfuel gas cutting (OFC) includes a group of cutting processes that use controlled chemical reactions to remove preheated metal by rapid oxidation in a stream of pure oxygen. This article provides a detailed discussion on the principles of operation and the process capabilities of OFC. In addition to providing information on the equipment used, the article describes the properties of fuel gases (acetylene, natural gas). It also presents an overview of the effect of OFC on base metal and explains the application of OFC in cutting thin, medium, and thick sections, bars, and structural and close-tolerance shapes.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001372
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... of several sizes of welding tips or a cutting attachment to be added. The general construction of an OFW torch is shown schematically in Fig. 3 . The principal operating parts are inlet valves, rear body, handle, and head. A mixing chamber with a welding tip, heating nozzle, or cutting attachment...
Abstract
Oxyfuel gas welding (OFW) is a manual process in which the metal surfaces to be joined are melted progressively by heat from a gas flame, with or without a filler metal. This article discusses the capabilities, advantages, and limitations of OFW. It describes the role of gases, such as oxygen, acetylene, hydrogen, natural gas, propane, and proprietary gases, in OFW. The article discusses the important elements of an OFW system, such as gas storage facilities, pressure regulators, hoses, torches, related safety devices, and accessories. It describes the sequence for setting up a positive-pressure welding outfit. The article provides information on forehand welding and backhand welding, as well as various joints used. It concludes with a discussion on repairs and alterations, as well as the safety aspects.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005205
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... within a plasma torch. Most plasma generators (plasma torches) for melting processes use an electric arc to produce gaseous discharges. The characteristics of an electric arc include relatively high current densities, low cathode fall, and high luminosity of the column. A typical potential distribution...
Abstract
Plasma melting is a material-processing technique in which the heat of thermal plasma is used to melt a material. This article discusses two typical design principles of plasma torches in the transferred mode: the tungsten tip design and the hollow copper electrode design. It describes the sources of atmospheric contamination in plasma melting furnaces and their control measures. The equipment used in plasma melting furnaces are also discussed. The article provides a detailed discussion on various plasma melting processes, such as plasma consolidation, plasma arc remelting, plasma cold hearth melting, and plasma casting.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005175
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
.... The operator changes the cutting capacity of the torch by changing the cutting tip size and by resetting pressure regulators and control valves. Because different fuel gases have different combustion and flow characteristics, the construction of cutting tips, and sometimes of mixing chambers, varies according...
Abstract
Oxyfuel gas cutting (OFC) includes a group of cutting processes that use controlled chemical reactions to remove preheated metal by rapid oxidation in a stream of pure oxygen. This article discusses the operation principles and process capabilities of the OFC. It reviews the properties and compositions of fuel types such as acetylene, natural gas, propane, propylene, and methyl-acetylene-propadiene-stabilized gas. The article describes the effects of OFC on base metal, including carbon and low-alloy steels, cast irons, and stainless steels. It provides information on light cutting, medium cutting, heavy cutting, and stack cutting. The article informs that the basic oxyfuel method can be modified to allow gas cutting of metals, such as stainless steel and most nonferrous alloys, that resist continuous oxidation.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003208
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... permit one of several sizes of welding tips or a cutting attachment to be added. The general construction of an OFW torch is shown schematically in Fig. 2 . The principal operating parts are inlet valves, rear body, handle, and head. Fig. 2 Oxyfuel gas welding torch Flame Adjustment...
Abstract
This article discusses the principles of operation, equipment needed, applications, and advantages and disadvantages of various fusion welding processes, namely, oxyfuel gas welding, electron beam welding, stud welding, laser beam welding, percussion welding, high-frequency welding, and thermite welding.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001484
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... (electrically conductive) gas to melt and sever metal in a narrow, localized area. Process Description In the PAC process, a cool and inert gas, such as compressed air, is forced under pressure through a small orifice in the front of the cutting torch. This torch is connected by leads to a direct-current...
Abstract
Plasma arc cutting (PAC) is an erosion process that utilizes a constricted arc in the form of a high-velocity jet of ionized gas to melt and sever metal in a narrow, localized area. This article discusses the process description, equipment, gases, operating sequence, process considerations, and applications of PAC. It concludes with a discussion on the safety measures associated with the PAC process.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003179
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
..., gas supply hoses, and a cutting torch with a set of exchangeable cutting tips. Such manually operated equipment is portable and inexpensive. Principles of Operation Oxyfuel gas cutting begins by heating a small area on the surface of the metal to the ignition temperature of 760 to 870 °C (1400...
Abstract
This article discusses the operating principles, types, and applications of shearing and slitting of different forms of steel, including plates, flat sheets, bars, coiled sheet and strips. In addition, it provides a detailed account of the cutting methods such as oxyfuel gas cutting, plasma arc cutting, oxygen arc cutting, laser beam cutting, and air carbon arc cutting and gouging, describing their process capabilities, equipment used, operating principles and parameters, and factors affecting their efficiency.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006830
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... to the flexibility of the wire rope. The degree of flexibility of a wire rope is determined by its construction. Figure 2 illustrates the component parts of a wire rope. Fig. 2 Components of a steel wire rope. Source: Ref 1 . Created by P. Toone. Courtesy of OSHA DTSEM/SLTC The construction...
Abstract
The types of metal components used in lifting equipment include gears, shafts, drums and sheaves, brakes, brake wheels, couplings, bearings, wheels, electrical switchgear, chains, wire rope, and hooks. This article primarily deals with many of these metal components of lifting equipment in three categories: cranes and bridges, attachments used for direct lifting, and built-in members of lifting equipment. It first reviews the mechanisms, origins, and investigation of failures. Then the article describes the materials used for lifting equipment, followed by a section explaining the failure analysis of wire ropes and the failure of wire ropes due to corrosion, a common cause of wire-rope failure. Further, it reviews the characteristics of shock loading, abrasive wear, and stress-corrosion cracking of a wire rope. Then, the article provides information on the failure analysis of chains, hooks, shafts, and cranes and related members.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001811
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... sheaves or drums are involved, and they almost always are, the diameter of the sheave or drum has a direct relationship to the flexibility of the wire rope. The degree of flexibility of a wire rope is determined by its construction. Figure 2 illustrates the component parts of a wire rope. Fig. 2...
Abstract
This article focuses on the mechanisms and common causes of failure of metal components in lifting equipment in the following three categories: cranes and bridges, particularly those for outdoor and other low-temperature service; attachments used for direct lifting, such as hooks, chains, wire rope, slings, beams, bales, and trunnions; and built-in members such as shafts, gears, and drums.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005176
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... by the intense heat of the arc and then removed by the jetlike gas stream issuing from the torch nozzle. The PAC process relies on heat generated from electrical arcing between the torch electrode and the workpiece. It generates very high temperatures (28,000 °C, or 50,000 °F, compared to 3000 °C, or 5500 °F...
Abstract
Electric arc cutting is used on ferrous and nonferrous metals for rough severing, such as removing risers or scrap cutting, as well as for more closely controlled operations. This article describes the operating principles, equipment selection, process variables, and safety measures recommended for plasma arc cutting and air carbon arc cutting. Special applications of electric arc cutting, including shape cutting, gouging, and underwater cutting, are also discussed. The article provides information on other electric arc cutting methods, namely, the exo-process and oxygen arc cutting. It concludes with information on the seldom-used electric arc cutting methods, such as shielded metal arc cutting, gas metal arc cutting, and gas tungsten arc cutting.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001485
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
..., an air compressor, a carbon electrode, and a gouging torch. Figure 1 shows how the components are typically arranged. Fig. 1 Arrangement of components used in the CAC-A process Cuts or gouges should be made only in the direction of the air flow. The electrode angle will vary, depending...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005130
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... Abstract This article begins with a discussion on the energy sources used for thermal forming. These include electric induction coil, gas flame, plasma torch, and laser beam. The article discusses the mechanisms of forming and different modes of deformation. It describes the effect of process...
Abstract
This article begins with a discussion on the energy sources used for thermal forming. These include electric induction coil, gas flame, plasma torch, and laser beam. The article discusses the mechanisms of forming and different modes of deformation. It describes the effect of process and material parameters on forming and the effect of metallurgical changes on mechanical property and microstructure of stainless steel. The article concludes with information on the applications of thermal forming.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005197
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... is processed in a variety of ways. It can be cut with a cutting torch, sheared with a large blade shear, shredded in a hammer mill, or bailed into cubes. Each method produces a useable material for cupola melting, but each has its own melting characteristics. Cupolas are erally flexible enough in design...
Abstract
In high-iron-tonnage operations, the cupola remains the most efficient source of continuous high volumes of iron needed to satisfy high production foundries or the multiple casting machines of centrifugal pipe producers. This article explores successful improvement technologies in cupola equipment, including preheated air blast, recuperative hot blast systems, and duplex electric holders. It discusses the shell, intermittent or continuous tapping, tuyere and blower systems, refractory lining, water-cooled cupolas, emission-control systems, and storage and handling of the charge materials. The article provides a discussion on the control tests for cupola, including the chill test and mechanical test. It concludes with information on specialized cupolas such as the cokeless cupola and the plasma-fired cupola.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005600
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... Other variables, such as base-metal composition, joint design, part fit-up, GMAW torch angle, shielding gas flow rate, laser wavelength, position of the laser focus with respect to the work surface, and preheat temperature, can play important roles in hybrid welding but are variables usually defined...
Abstract
Hybrid laser arc welding (HLAW) is a metal joining process that combines laser beam welding (LBW) and arc welding in the same weld pool. This article provides a discussion on the major process variables for two modes of operation of HLAW, namely, stabilization mode and penetration mode. The major process variables for either mode of operation include three sets of welding parameters: the variables for the independent LBW and gas metal arc welding processes and welding variables that are specific to the HLAW process. The article discusses the advantages, limitations, and applications of the HLAW and describes the major components and consumables used for HLAW. The components include the laser source, gas metal arc welding source, hybrid welding head, and motion system. The article also describes the typical sources of defects and safety concerns of HLAW.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001452
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... an emphasis on the selection of suitable filler metal, brazing processes, and its corresponding furnace atmosphere for brazing different grades of stainless steel. The types of brazing processes include torch brazing, furnace brazing in different atmospheres (dissociated ammonia, dry hydrogen, and vacuum...
Abstract
The quality of brazed stainless steel joints depends on the selection of the brazing process, process temperature, filler metal, and the type of protective atmosphere or flux. This article provides a detailed discussion on the applicability and brazeability of stainless steel and lays an emphasis on the selection of suitable filler metal, brazing processes, and its corresponding furnace atmosphere for brazing different grades of stainless steel. The types of brazing processes include torch brazing, furnace brazing in different atmospheres (dissociated ammonia, dry hydrogen, and vacuum atmosphere), dip brazing in salt bath, and high-energy-beam brazing. A complete list of the typical compositions and properties of standard brazing filler metals for brazing stainless steel is also provided.
Book Chapter
Book: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005759
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
.... There are three main types of enclosures used to contain the process and allow its operator to remain outside its confines. Walk-in Style Booth A walk-in booth consists of an enclosure that surrounds the process, the part, and the gun or torch manipulating equipment in such a manner that the operator need...
Abstract
This article discusses the safety issues associated with the design and operation of thermal spray booths and spray box structures and the equipment or systems required for operating thermal spray processes. It describes the design elements necessary to mitigate sound, dust and fume, ultraviolet light, and mechanical hazards. The means selected for safeguarding personnel must be based on a formal risk assessment that meets ANSI/RIA standards. The safeguards include sensing devices, barriers, awareness signals, procedures, and training. It also provides guidelines that are intended to increase the safety awareness and the use of safety practices for gas and liquid piping and electrical equipment within thermal spray installations.
Book: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005706
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... is a brief description of thermal spray technology. Thermal Spray Processes Thermal spray processes include flame spray, electric arc spray, plasma arc spray, high-velocity oxyfuel spray, detonation gun deposition, and cold spray ( Ref 1 , Ref 2 ). Coating material is fed to the thermal spray torch...
Abstract
Thermal spray is a generic term for a group of coating processes used to apply metallic, ceramic, cermet, and some polymeric coatings for a broad range of applications. This article provides a brief description of commercially important thermal spray processes, namely, powder-fed flame spray, wire- or rod-fed flame spray, electric arc spray, plasma arc spray, vacuum plasma spray, high-velocity oxyfuel spray, detonation gun deposition, and cold spray, and their advantages. It provides details on the microstructural characteristics of thermal spray coatings. The article also presents information on a wide variety of materials that can be thermal sprayed, such as metals, ceramics, intermetallics, composites, cermets, polymers, and functionally gradient materials. Tables are included, which list the thermal spray processes and coating properties of importance for various industrial applications.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006515
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... of the molten weld and support the molten underbead. Torch Construction and Electrodes The welding torch holds the tungsten electrode that conducts the current to the arc, and it provides a means of shielding the arc and molten metal. The major components of a typical welding torch are shown in Fig. 14...
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