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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003778
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract This article describes the specimen preparation steps for tin and tin alloys, and for harder base metals which are coated with these materials with illustrations. The steps discussed include sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching. The article provides information...
Abstract
This article describes the specimen preparation steps for tin and tin alloys, and for harder base metals which are coated with these materials with illustrations. The steps discussed include sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching. The article provides information on etchants for tin and tin alloys in tabular form. It presents the procedure recommended for electron microscopy to determine the nature of the intermetallic compound formed by the reaction between tin or tin-lead coatings on various substrates. The article concludes with an illustration of the microstructures of tin-copper, tin-lead, tin-lead-cadmium, tin-antimony, tin-antimony-copper, tin-antimony-copper-lead, tin-silver, tin-indium, tin-zinc, and tin-zinc-copper systems.
Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 6 Orientations of the interface regarding the direction of grinding. Specimens with tin and tin alloy coatings are alternated 15° to 20° on either side of the direction of grinding to minimize differences in hardness between the coating and the base.
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Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003818
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... behavior on soft solders, pewter, bearing alloys, tin-copper alloys, and tin-silver alloys. It reviews the influence of corrosion on immersion tin coating, tin-cadmium alloy coatings, tin-cobalt coatings, tin-copper coatings, tin-lead coatings, tin-nickel coatings, and tin-zinc coatings. The general...
Abstract
This article describes the allotropic modification and atmospheric corrosion of pure tin. Corrosion of pure tin due to oxidation reaction, and reaction with the other gases, water, acids, bases, and other liquid media, is discussed. The article provides information on corrosion behavior on soft solders, pewter, bearing alloys, tin-copper alloys, and tin-silver alloys. It reviews the influence of corrosion on immersion tin coating, tin-cadmium alloy coatings, tin-cobalt coatings, tin-copper coatings, tin-lead coatings, tin-nickel coatings, and tin-zinc coatings. The general properties and corrosion resistance of tinplate are summarized. The article also describes the methods of corrosion testing of coatings; these include an analysis of coating thickness measurements, porosity and rust resistance testing, solderability test, and specific special tests.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001256
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... for tin-lead. Bismuth as an alloying agent prevents the whiskering and tin pest that can occur in tin coatings. Tin-Nickel Tin-nickel is used for corrosion-resistant coatings, especially in seawater environments. It has an attractive chromelike appearance and high lubricity when plated over bright...
Abstract
Electrodeposition of tin alloys is used to protect steel against corrosion or wear, to impart resistance to etching, and to facilitate soldering. This article focuses on the compositions, operating conditions, advantages, and limitations of methane sulfonic acid plating solutions and fluoborate plating solutions for tin-lead. It briefly describes the solution compositions and operating conditions of tin-bismuth, tin-nickel, and tin-zinc.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001270
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... considered in this article include metal coatings, such as zinc coatings, and alloy coatings, such as zinc-iron, types 1 and 2 aluminum, Zn-5AI, Zn-55AI, and lead-tin coatings. aluminum coatings continuous hot dip coatings ferrous metals lead-tin alloycoatings microstructure steel sheet surface...
Abstract
This article discusses the processes involved in continuous hotdip coating of steel sheets, namely, hot and cold line processing, surface preparation, and post treatment. It outlines the properties and microstructures of metals and their alloys used in this process. The coatings considered in this article include metal coatings, such as zinc coatings, and alloy coatings, such as zinc-iron, types 1 and 2 aluminum, Zn-5AI, Zn-55AI, and lead-tin coatings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005164
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
..., ASM Handbook , 1990. Common steel coatings include zinc, aluminum, tin, lead, nickel, and various alloys of these metals, as well as a range of organic coatings. Coatings such as porcelain enamels and electroplated copper or chromium are also commonly found on sheet steel parts...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of some common sheet steel coatings available. It discusses the formability differences between coated and bare steel and provides some general guidelines on the forming of coated steels. Coated steels are classified according to the nature of the substrate, the type of coating, and the method used for its application. The article describes various coating types for steels such as zinc-coated steels, aluminum-coated steels, tin-coated steels, terne-coated steels, and organic-coated steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003145
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... alloys, type metals, copper alloys, dental alloys, cast irons, titanium alloys, and zirconium alloys. Finally, it presents a short note on the applications of tin powder and corrosion resistance of tin. applications of tin powder corrosion resistance electroplating hot dip coatings production...
Abstract
Tin is a soft, brilliant white, low-melting metal that is most widely known and characterized in the form of coating. This article discusses the primary and secondary production of tin and explains the uses of tin in coating, namely tinplating, electroplating, and hot dip coatings. It presents a short note on pure (unalloyed) tin and uses of tin in chemicals. The article also covers the compositions and uses of tin alloys which include solders, pewter, bearing alloys, alloys for organ pipes, and fusible alloys. It goes on to discuss the other alloys containing tin including battery grid alloys, type metals, copper alloys, dental alloys, cast irons, titanium alloys, and zirconium alloys. Finally, it presents a short note on the applications of tin powder and corrosion resistance of tin.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001257
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... environment. Several zinc alloy processes are currently in commercial use. The choice of a particular process depends on the end-product requirements and conditions of use. Available alloys are zinc-iron, zinc-cobalt, zinc-nickel, and tin-zinc. As in unalloyed zinc plating, chromate conversion coating...
Abstract
This article provides information on the compositions of alkaline and acid baths and process parameters for zinc-iron, zinc-cobalt, zinc-nickel, and tin-zinc plating.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001271
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... in continuous steel strip plating lines is electrodeposited with one of five metallic coatings: zinc, tin, chromium, and alloys of zinc with either nickel or iron. Several other metallic coatings, such as copper, nickel, brass (Cu-Zn), and terne (Pb-Sn), are also applied by continuous steel strip plating...
Abstract
This article explains the applications of continuous electroplated steel. For each category of application, the type of coating needed and the key attributes of the coating are discussed. The bulk of the article describes electrodeposition technology, including plating line components and process classification.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001460
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
..., when compared with tin-lead alloys. Tin plate is sometimes used as a protective finish on device leads and terminations, although a solder dip coating is the preferred finish. Tin-base tin-lead solders represent the most widely used solders for electronic assembly: eutectic 63Sn-37Pb, near-eutectic...
Abstract
Soldering represents the primary method of attaching electronic components, such as resistors, capacitors, or packaged integrated circuits, to either printed wiring board whose defects is minimized by consideration of proper PWB design, device packages, and board assembly. This article discusses the categories that are most important to successful electronic soldering, namely, solders and fluxes selection, nature of base materials and finishes, solder joint design, and solderability testing.
Image
Published: 01 January 1994
Fig. 3 Chemical vapor deposition coatings. (a) Cemented carbide insert with TiC coating. Note eta phase at the coating-substrate interface. (b) 73WC-19(Ti,Ta,Nb)C-8Co alloy with a TiC/TiCN/TiN coating about 10 μm thick. (c) 85WC-9(Ti,Ta,Nb)C-6Co alloy with a TiC/Al 2 O 3 coating about 9 μm
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001078
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... protection anode alloy (2.0% Ag, 98% Pb) L50140 Solder alloys (1.0–1.5% Ag, 1.0 Sn, bal Pb) L50121, L50131 Solder alloys (1.5–2.5% Ag, with no tin) L50132, L50150, L50151 Solder alloy (1.5% Ag, 5.0% Sn, 93.5% Pb) L50134 Solder alloy (2.5% Ag, 2.0% Sn, 95.5% Pb) L50152 Solder alloy (5.0...
Abstract
This article discusses the processing, properties, and applications of various grades of lead and lead-base alloys with the aid of several tables and illustrations. It lists the Unified Numbering System (UNS) designations for various pure lead grades and lead-base alloys grouped according to nominal chemical composition. The properties of lead that make it useful in a wide variety of applications are also discussed. The largest usage of lead is in the lead acid storage batteries (in the grid plates, posts, and connector straps). Other applications include ammunition; cable sheathing; cast products such as type metals, terneplates, and foils; and building construction materials. Lead is also used as an alloying element in steel and in copper alloys to improve machinability and other characteristics. In many applications, lead is combined with stronger materials to make structures that have the best qualities of both materials such as the plumbum series.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003219
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... for tools, dies, etc. Effect much deeper than original implantation depth. Precise area treatment, excellent process control Ion plating, ARE RT-0.7 T m of coating. Best at elevated temperatures Moderate to good Ion plating: Al, other metals (few alloys) ARE: TiN and other compounds Electronic...
Abstract
Physical vapor deposition (PVD) coatings are harder than any metal and are used in applications that cannot tolerate even microscopic wear losses. This article describes the three most common PVD processes: thermal evaporation, sputtering, and ion plating. It also discusses ion implantation in the context of research and development applications.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001076
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... Ag 245 473 221 430 Soldering of components for electrical and high-temperature service Tin-silver eutectic alloy B 32, Grade Sn96 QQ-S-571, Grade Sn96 … … 96 Sn, 3.5 Ag 221 430 221 430 Popular choice with properties similar to those of ASTM B 32, Grade Sn95 Soft solder (70-30...
Abstract
Tin is produced from both primary and secondary sources. This article discusses the chemical compositions, production, properties, microstructure and applications of tin and tin alloys. The major tin alloys discussed here are tin-antimony-copper alloy (pewter), bearing alloy, solder alloy and other alloys containing traces of tin. Data on tin consumption in the United States is presented graphically.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003217
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract There are various coating techniques in practice to prevent the deterioration of steels. This article focuses on dip, barrier, and chemical conversion coatings and describes hot-dip processes for coating carbon steels with zinc, aluminum, lead-tin, and other alloys. It describes...
Abstract
There are various coating techniques in practice to prevent the deterioration of steels. This article focuses on dip, barrier, and chemical conversion coatings and describes hot-dip processes for coating carbon steels with zinc, aluminum, lead-tin, and other alloys. It describes continuous electrodeposition for steel strip and babbitting and discusses phosphate and chromate conversion coatings as well. It also addresses painting, discussing types and selection, surface preparation, and application methods. In addition, the article describes rust-preventive compounds and their application. It also provides information on weld-overlay and thermal spray coating, porcelain enameling, and the preparation of enamel frits for steels. The article closes by describing methods and materials for ceramic coating.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003218
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... the properties of typical CVD coating materials for wear and corrosion resistance. Coatings for the cutting tool industry utilize CVD processes, particularly TiC coatings for cemented tungsten carbide tools and TiN and carbonitride coatings for high-speed tool steels and cemented carbide tools. Nearly all...
Abstract
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) involves the formation of a coating by the reaction of the coating substance with the substrate. Serving as an introduction to CVD, the article provides information on metals, ceramics, and diamond films formed by the CVD process. It further discusses the characteristics of different pack cementation processes, including aluminizing, siliconizing, chromizing, boronizing, and multicomponent coating.
Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 33 83.5WC-10.5(Ta,Ti,Nb)C-6Co alloy, 92 HRA. This cobalt-enriched alloy is coated with chemical-vapor-deposited TiN/TiCN and physical-vapor-deposited TiN (gold coating on top) layers. Murakami's reagent, 1 min. 1500×.
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Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001320
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... and cast irons ( Ref 16 ). Fig. 3 Chemical vapor deposition coatings. (a) Cemented carbide insert with TiC coating. Note eta phase at the coating-substrate interface. (b) 73WC-19(Ti,Ta,Nb)C-8Co alloy with a TiC/TiCN/TiN coating about 10 μm thick. (c) 85WC-9(Ti,Ta,Nb)C-6Co alloy with a TiC/Al 2 O 3...
Abstract
The classes of tool materials for machining operations are high-speed tool steels, carbides, cermets, ceramics, polycrystalline cubic boron nitrides, and polycrystalline diamonds. This article discusses the expanding role of surface engineering in increasing the manufacturing productivity of carbide, cermet, and ceramic cutting tool materials used in machining operations. The useful life of cutting tools may be limited by a variety of wear processes, such as crater wear, flank wear or abrasive wear, builtup edge, depth-of-cut notching, and thermal cracks. The article provides information on the applicable methods for surface engineering of cutting tools, namely, chemical vapor deposited (CVD) coatings, physical vapor deposited coatings, plasma-assisted CVD coatings, diamond coatings, and ion implantation.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001250
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... on their surfaces. A tin deposit provides sacrificial protection to copper, nickel, and many other nonferrous metals and alloys. Tin also provides good protection to steel. However, because tin is normally cathodic to iron, the coating must be continuous and effectively pore-free. (This requirement does not apply...
Abstract
A tin deposit provides sacrificial protection to copper, nickel, and many other nonferrous metals and alloys. Tin also provides good protection to steel. Tin can be deposited from either alkaline or acid electrolytes. This article explains the compositions and operating conditions of these electrolytes.
Image
Published: 01 January 1994
Fig. 4 Multilayer chemical vapor deposition coatings on cobalt-enriched substrates. (a) 86WC-8(Ti,Ta,Nb)C-6Co alloy with cobalt-enriched periphery and a TiC/TiCN/TiN coating. (b) Second-generation cobalt-enriched cemented carbide tool with TiC/Al 2 O 3 /TiN coating
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