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Book Chapter

By Muneharu Kutsuna
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005620
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... is a hybrid process based on a thin-melting interface for a lap joint of dissimilar-metal sheets using a roller and one-sided laser heating. The article discusses the types, advantages, and applications of roll welding and laser roll welding. It also provides a detailed discussion on the laser roll welding...
Book Chapter

By Robert A. Rapp
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003593
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... of the solute to form separate oxide particles in the salt would not contribute to any protection. This scale fluxing mechanism is consistent with observed corroded microstructures (porous oxide in a salt matrix) and is applicable to either a deep salt melt or a thin salt film hot corrosion. This scale fluxing...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003784
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... if the melt is undercooled. This is because dendritic growth results from instability of the solid/liquid interface due to a diffusion process, which for a pure material can only be thermal diffusion. In an alloy, interface instabilities from chemical diffusion often result in dendritic growth. Although...
Book Chapter

By Doru M. Stefanescu, Roxana Ruxanda
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003724
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... undercooled by a quantity: (Eq 2) Δ T T = T e − T * where Δ T T is the thermal undercooling, T e is the equilibrium (melting) temperature of the flat interface, and T * is the interface temperature. Constitutional (Solutal) Undercooling During alloy solidification, solute...
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005227
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
..., and the presence of solute. The shape of the interface becomes curved after the interaction. The critical interface velocity in a pure melt, above which the particles are engulfed by the moving interfaces, is given by the following equation ( Ref 13 ): (Eq 1) V c = Δ σ a 0 18 μ ( k R...
Book Chapter

By W.J. Boettinger
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005226
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... spinning to yield thin (approximately 100 μm) ribbon or fiber, 2) atomization to produce powder (100 to 200 μm), and 3) surface melting/deposition and resolidification to produce thin surface layers (0.1 to 200 μm). Each of these classes includes methods with a variety of names reflecting the significant...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003209
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... the need for a liquid interface (brazing) or the creation of a cast product via melting and resolidification (welding). In its most narrow definition, which is used to differentiate it from other joining processes such as deformation bonding or transient liquid phase joining, diffusion bonding is a process...
Book Chapter

By Janet Devine
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001384
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... is completed without having fully melted metal at the interface when the correct combination of force, power, and time parameters are used. Interface temperature rise is greater for metals with low thermal conductivity (for example, steel) than it is for metals of high conductivity (for example, aluminum...
Book Chapter

By John Campbell
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005220
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... with a macroscopic unbonded interface) and defects and inclusions grown in the melt is of central significance for the failures of metals by mechanical or corrosion-type mechanisms. Analysis of bifilms provides a simple, powerful, and elegant concept to explain many features of the metallurgy of castings. Since...
Book Chapter

Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005348
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... (casting) SIC standard industry codes min minimum; minute SIMA strain induced melt activated wt% weight percent MINT metal in-line treatment SIMS secondary ion mass spectrometry mips million instructions per second SLQ slack quenched y coordinate parallel to interface mL milliliter SMAW shielded metal arc...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006311
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... of heat extraction. The liquid is said to be thermally undercooled by a quantity: (Eq 2) Δ T T = T e − T * where Δ T T is the thermal undercooling, T e is the equilibrium (melting) temperature of the interface, and T * is the S/L interface temperature. Constitutional (Solutal...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001448
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
.... Source: American Welding Society In ultrasonic welding, the temperature at the weld is not raised to the melting point. Therefore, there is no nugget similar to that formed in resistance welding. Weld strength is equal to the strength of the base metal. However, ultrasonic welding is typically...
Book Chapter

By M.I. Khan, Y. Zhou
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005680
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... steel during RMW. During RMW, the applied force results in an initial deformation and a larger contact area ( Fig. 14a ). As the welding current increases, surface material and contaminants are melted and expelled from the interface. This expulsion aids in cleaning the interface by squeezing out...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005856
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... ( B ), forming a thin layer called the joint interface ( AB ). This layer cools to form a totally different metal—actually an alloy of the base and filler metals. Thus, the brazed joint becomes a “sandwich” of different layers, each metallurgically linked to the next. This wetting of the surfaces...
Book Chapter

By Victoria Burt
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006519
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... defects ceramic shells investment casting melting pattern making Investment casting has been used for centuries and is also known as the lost wax process. It is used today to produce near net shape, complex thin-walled castings with smooth surfaces in a reliable and repeatable manner. Small parts...
Book Chapter

By Alexander E. Shapiro
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0009239
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... to lack of alloying elements. Simple reaction phases represented by intermetallic compounds in Ti-Cu, Ti-Ni, or Ti-Al phase diagrams (depending on the main component of the filler metal) are formed as thin layers at the base metal interfaces. Aluminum and β stabilizing elements such as molybdenum...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001350
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... Abstract Diffusion bonding is only one of many solid-state joining processes wherein joining is accomplished without the need for a liquid interface (brazing) or the creation of a cast product via melting and resolidification. This article offers a qualitative summary of the theory of diffusion...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001286
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... it is desirable to form an interface that is defect-free so that electronically active sites are not generated. Such an interface can be formed if there is lattice parameter matching between the deposited material and the substrate, or if the deposited material is thin enough to allow lattice strains...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006546
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
...-set methods treat the interface between fluid phases as sharp (i.e., infinitesimally thin). The methods differ in that the VOF method requires a careful geometric reconstruction of the interface shape so the interface curvature can be computed accurately. Both methods depend on the fluid domain being...
Book Chapter

By Chon L. Tsai, Chin M. Tso
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001333
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... ) = q ˙ ; r ⩽ r a Another is represented by the conditions at the solid-liquid interface: (Eq 17) θ l = θ s = θ m (Eq 18) n ⋅ ( λ ∇ θ ) s − n ⋅ ( λ ∇ θ ) l = ± ρ s L d s d t where + indicates the melting process...