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thermosetting precursor
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Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003373
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... precursors, namely, thermoplastic, thermosetting, and evaporative or solvent carriers. It provides a description of the advantages and limitations of various methods involved in chemical vapor infiltration. The article concludes with a discussion on matrix contribution to composite properties. carbon...
Abstract
This article describes the various pure forms of carbon matrices and the corresponding methods used to create them or incorporate them into a matrix of a composite. These forms include graphite, diamond, fullerenes, and nanotubes. The article discusses the three types of liquid precursors, namely, thermoplastic, thermosetting, and evaporative or solvent carriers. It provides a description of the advantages and limitations of various methods involved in chemical vapor infiltration. The article concludes with a discussion on matrix contribution to composite properties.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003031
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... is mined in Brazil and made into precursor rods in France. Quartz fibers contain 99.95% silica but have a density of 2.25 g/cm 3 , only somewhat less than that of fiberglass. Because both high-silica glass, with a tensile strength of 180 MPa (26 ksi), and quartz, at 900 MPa (130 ksi), are both much weaker...
Abstract
This article discusses the types, properties, and uses of continuous-fiber-reinforced composites, including glass, carbon, aramid, boron, continuous silicon carbide, and aluminum oxide fiber composites. While polyester and vinyl ester resins are the most used matrix materials for commercial applications, epoxy resins, bismaleimide resins, polyimide resins, and thermoplastic resins are used for aerospace applications. The article addresses design considerations as well as product forms and fabrication processes.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003441
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... materials used for thermoset and thermoplastic resin matrices. It reviews the identification of the individual characteristics of thermoset and thermoplastic resin along with the test methods normally used for their determination. The article contains a table that lists properties and tests for uncured...
Abstract
This article describes the most significant tests to characterize the properties of constituent materials. It discusses the chemical, physical, and mechanical tests for determining the properties of reinforcement fibers and fabrics. The article provides information on some of the basic materials used for thermoset and thermoplastic resin matrices. It reviews the identification of the individual characteristics of thermoset and thermoplastic resin along with the test methods normally used for their determination. The article contains a table that lists properties and tests for uncured and cured thermoset-matrix resins and prepregs.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... Abstract The compression molding process is most commonly called the sheet molding compound (SMC) process in reference to the precursor sheet molding compound material it uses. This article discusses the types of materials used for sheet manufacture, and describes the manufacturing...
Abstract
The compression molding process is most commonly called the sheet molding compound (SMC) process in reference to the precursor sheet molding compound material it uses. This article discusses the types of materials used for sheet manufacture, and describes the manufacturing and processing parameters of SMC components, providing details on tooling and process advantages and limitations. The article provides a general overview of the types of compression molding processes, including structural compression molding and thermoplastic compression molding.
Book Chapter
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003487
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... of an experimental or thermosetting type, in the form of a thin lm ment for an interval of time. calculated value to an accepted recognized of resin, used under heat and pressure as an air-bubble void. Air entrapment within and be- standard or speci ed value. Compare with interleaf in the production of bonded struc...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003014
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... Abstract Injection molding is a process of forcing or injecting a fluid plastic material into a closed mold. The process generally has the advantages of being more readily automated and of permitting finer part details. Injection-molding compounds are thermoplastic or thermosetting materials...
Abstract
Injection molding is a process of forcing or injecting a fluid plastic material into a closed mold. The process generally has the advantages of being more readily automated and of permitting finer part details. Injection-molding compounds are thermoplastic or thermosetting materials and their composites that are specifically formulated for the injection-molding process. This article discusses the injection molding process, which includes the two basic categories of thermoplastic and thermoset injection molding, and lists the common thermoplastic and thermoset molding compounds and applications. It also describes the operation of the different types of injection molding machines as well as mold design and process controls. The article also describes the selection of injection-moldable thermosets, and provides an overview of part performance, properties, blowing agents, and aesthetic concerns related to thermoplastic structural-foam injection molding.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006935
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... and tend to line up in the direction of flow. Molecules in thermoplastic polymers are much longer than those in the unreacted liquid resin precursors to thermosets. The orientation effect in thermoplastics melt flow, such as occurs in injection molding, is much greater than that which occurs...
Abstract
Manufacturing process selection is a critical step in plastic product design. The article provides an overview of the functional requirements that a part must fulfil before process selection is attempted. A brief discussion on the effects of individual thermoplastic and thermosetting processes on plastic parts and the material properties is presented. The article presents process effects on molecular orientation. It also illustrates the thinking that goes into the selection of processes for size, shape, and design factors. Finally, the article describes how various processes handle reinforcement.
Book: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005728
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... information on how the materials themselves respond to the various test methods. The article focuses on the test methods themselves, including those test parameters that can be varied and the influence of each on the results obtained. coating characterization coating testing liquid precursor plasma...
Abstract
Materials resulting from thermal spray processes are often different from their wrought, forged, and cast counterparts. Assessing the usefulness of thermal spray coatings requires understanding, developing, and using appropriate testing and characterization methods that are generally borrowed from other materials science disciplines. This article focuses on commonly used testing and characterization methods: metallography, image analysis, hardness, tensile adhesion testing, corrosion testing, x-ray diffraction, non-destructive testing, and powder characterization. It provides information on how the materials themselves respond to the various test methods. The article focuses on the test methods themselves, including those test parameters that can be varied and the influence of each on the results obtained.
Book
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.9781627081955
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003064
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... Impregnants The two general categories of matrix precursors used for carbon-carbon densification are thermosetting resins, such as phenolics and furfurals, and pitches based on coal tar and petroleum. The thermosetting resins polymerize to form cross-linked, infusible solids. As a result of pyrolysis...
Abstract
Carbon-carbon composites (CCCs) are introduced in fields that require their high specific strength and stiffness, in combination with their thermoshock resistance, chemical resistance, and fracture toughness, especially at high temperatures. The use of CCCs has expanded as the price of carbon fibers has dropped and their mechanical properties have increased. This article begins with an overview of the carbon conversion processes, fiber properties and microstructures, and interfacial bonding and environmental interaction of carbon fibers, followed by a detailed discussion on the various techniques available for processing CCCs for specific applications, including preform fabrication (fiber weaving), densification, application of protective coatings, and joining. The article closes with a description of the mechanical and physical properties and applications of CCCs. The main applications of CCCs, in terms of money and mass, are in the military, space, and aircraft industries.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.9781627083959
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003402
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... (advanced thermoset manufacturing methods): resin flows through stationary fiber network. Examples are liquid composite molding, thermoset pultrusion, filament winding, and autoclave. Short-Fiber Suspension Manufacturing Methods Short-fiber suspension manufacturing methods consist of manufacturing...
Abstract
This article provides information on the classification of various composites manufacturing processes based on similar transport processes. The composites manufacturing processes can be grouped into three categories: short-fiber suspension methods, squeeze flow methods, and porous media methods. The article presents an overview of the modeling philosophy and approach that is useful in describing composite manufacturing processes.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003541
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... themselves into an orderly structure. In general, simple polymers (with little or no side branching) crystallize very easily. Crystallization is inhibited in heavily cross-linked (thermoset) polymers and in polymers containing bulky side groups. There are three categories of polymers: thermoplastics...
Abstract
This article reviews the mechanical behavior and fracture characteristics that discriminate structural polymers from metals. It provides information on deformation, fracture, and crack propagation as well as the fractography involving the examination and interpretation of fracture surfaces, to determine the cause of failure. The fracture modes such as ductile fractures and brittle fractures are reviewed. The article also presents a detailed account of various fracture surface features. It concludes with several cases of field failure in various polymers that illustrate the applicability of available analytical tools in conjunction with an understanding of failure mechanisms.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006865
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... structure. In general, polymers that have a reasonably regularly ordered chain structure and little or no side branching will crystallize under suitable conditions. Crystallization is inhibited in heavily cross-linked (thermoset) polymers and in polymers that contain bulky side groups. There are three...
Abstract
This article reviews the mechanical behavior and fracture characteristics that discriminate structural polymers from metals, including plastic deformation. It provides overviews of crack propagation and fractography. The article presents the distinction between ductile and brittle fracture modes. Several case studies of field failure in various polymers are also presented to illustrate the applicability of available analytical tools in conjunction with an understanding of failure mechanisms.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003005
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... (grade A ingot) 1.36 2.38 Magnesium (ingot) 0.29 0.51 Brass (ingot) 1.25 2.18 Mild steel (sheet) 0.27 0.47 Amino resin thermoset 0.85 1.49 Nylon 6/6 0.25 0.44 Aluminum (ingot) 0.78 1.37 Aluminum (ingot) 0.21 0.37 Phenolic thermoset 0.75 1.31 PMMA 0.19 0.33 Silicon...
Abstract
The selection of engineered materials is an integrated process that requires an understanding of the interaction between materials properties, manufacturing characteristics, design considerations, and the total life cycle of the product. This article classifies various engineered materials, including ferrous alloys, nonferrous alloys, ceramics, cermets and cemented carbides, engineering plastics, polymer-matrix composites, metal-matrix composites, ceramic-matrix and carbon-carbon composites, and reviews their general property characteristics and applications. It describes the synergy between the elements of the materials selection process and presents a general comparison of material properties. Finally, the article provides a short note on computer aided materials selection systems, which help in proper archiving of materials selection decisions for future reference.
Book Chapter
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003422
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... Precursor Impregnants The two general categories of matrix precursors used for carbon-carbon densification are thermosetting resins, such as phenolics and furfurals, and pitches based on coal tar and petroleum. The thermosetting resins polymerize to form cross- linked, infusible solids. As a result...
Abstract
This article describes the manufacture, post-processing, fabrication, and properties of carbon-carbon composites (CCCs). Manufacturing techniques with respect to the processibility of different geometries of two-directional and multiaxial carbon fibers are listed in a table. The article discusses matrix precursor impregnants, liquid impregnation, and chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) for densification of CCCs. It presents various coating approaches for protecting CCCs, including pack cementation, chemical vapor deposition, and slurry coating. Practical limitations of coatings are also discussed. The article concludes with information on the mechanical properties of CCCs.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003350
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
..., including high chemical inertness, high shear strength, and good property retention at high temperatures. Early work on sintered aluminum powder was a precursor to discontinuously reinforced MMCs. The development of high-strength monofilaments—first boron and then silicon carbide (SiC)—enabled significant...
Abstract
This article begins with a brief history of composite materials and discusses its characteristics. It presents an introduction to the constituents, product forms, and fabrication processes of composite materials. The article concludes with a discussion on the applications of organic-matrix, metal-matrix, and ceramic-matrix composites.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002460
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... shape (the near-net-shape powder processing operation is a plus) or when the resulting properties warrant the additional cost. Thermoplastics are often fabricated in ways similar to those used to fabricate metals. Precursor polymer powders are heated to a temperature at which they flow viscously...
Abstract
This article focuses on the relationships among material properties and material structure. It summarizes the fundamental characteristics of metals, ceramics, and polymers. The article provides information on the crystal structure, the atomic coordination, and crystalline defects. It discusses the relevance of the properties to design. The article describes the common means for increasing low-temperature strength and presents an example that shows structure-property relationships in nickel-base superalloys for high-temperature applications. The relationships of microstructure with low-temperature fracture, high-temperature fracture, and fatigue failure are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003364
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... temperature applications BISMALEIMIDE (BMI) RESINS are a relatively young class of thermosetting polymers that are gaining acceptance by industry because they combine a number of unique features including excellent physical property retention at elevated temperatures and in wet environments, almost...
Abstract
This article discusses bismaleimide (BMI) chemistry and the use of BMI in composites. An analysis of the applications illustrates how the advantages of BMIs have been exploited and perhaps suggests how these advantages might be extended to other applications. The article describes the mechanical properties of BMI composites. BMIs suitable for resin transfer molding processing are provided. The article concludes with information on the elevated-temperature applications of 5250-4 BMI system.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003365
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... Abstract This article discusses the properties and applications of two types of polyimide resins: condensation polyimides and addition-type polyimides. It describes the chemistry of condensation-type polyimides during synthesis, processing of polyamide acid precursor solution to polyimide...
Abstract
This article discusses the properties and applications of two types of polyimide resins: condensation polyimides and addition-type polyimides. It describes the chemistry of condensation-type polyimides during synthesis, processing of polyamide acid precursor solution to polyimide, and preparation of polyimide films from thermoplastic polyamic acid precursors. The article reviews the chemistry of several addition-type polyimides, including phenylethynyl-containing imide oligomers, nadic end-capped polyimides, and LARC RP46. It explains the preparation processes of nadic end-capped amic acid oligomer resin solutions, including the preparation of resin powder and resin disks, adhesive film, adhesive bond specimens, and films.
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