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thermoplastic-matrix composites
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003032
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... the mechanical properties, physical properties, and service characteristics of representative composite fiber-resin combinations, including thermoplastic matrix composites such as thermoplastic polyester resins, thermoplastic polyamide resins, and thermoplastic polysulfone resins, and thermoset matrix...
Abstract
The design and analysis of aerospace and industrial composite components and assemblies requires a detailed knowledge of materials properties, which, in turn, depend on the manufacturing, machining, and assembly methods used. This article, through several tables and graphs, provides the mechanical properties, physical properties, and service characteristics of representative composite fiber-resin combinations, including thermoplastic matrix composites such as thermoplastic polyester resins, thermoplastic polyamide resins, and thermoplastic polysulfone resins, and thermoset matrix composites such as thermoset polyester resins, thermoset phenolic resins, thermoset epoxy resins, thermoset polyimide resins, and thermoset bismaleimide resins.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... cooling because of the absence of crystallization. Besides the possibly large volume effects due to recrystallization, mold shrinkage becomes proportional to the thermal expansivity of a polymer. The addition of fillers to the polymer matrix, particularly those with effective wetting characteristics...
Abstract
Thermal analysis provides a powerful tool for researchers and engineers in determining both unknown and reproducible behavioral properties of polymer molecules. This article covers the thermal analysis and thermal properties of engineering plastics with respect to chemical composition, chain configuration, conformation of the base polymers, processing of the base polymers with or without additives; and the response to chemical, physical, and mechanical stresses of base polymers as unfilled, shaped articles or as components of composite structures. It also describes thermal analysis techniques, including differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, thermomechanical analysis, and rheological analysis. This article also summarizes the basic thermal properties used in the application of engineering plastics, such as thermal conductivity, temperature resistance, thermal expansion, specific heat, and the determination of glass transition temperatures. It concludes with a discussion of the thermal and related properties of nine thermostat resin systems divided into three groups by low, medium, and high service temperature capabilities.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003031
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... shelf life before molding (unlike thermosetting matrices) and because they can potentially be remolded by the application of heat and pressure, thermoplastic-matrix composites also offer the possibility of lower-cost fabrication. However, cross-linking or thermal degradation with repeated temperature...
Abstract
This article discusses the types, properties, and uses of continuous-fiber-reinforced composites, including glass, carbon, aramid, boron, continuous silicon carbide, and aluminum oxide fiber composites. While polyester and vinyl ester resins are the most used matrix materials for commercial applications, epoxy resins, bismaleimide resins, polyimide resins, and thermoplastic resins are used for aerospace applications. The article addresses design considerations as well as product forms and fabrication processes.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006478
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... Abstract This article introduces the principal methodologies and some advanced technologies that are being applied for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composites. These include acoustic emission, ultrasonic, eddy-current, computed tomography, electromagnetic...
Abstract
This article introduces the principal methodologies and some advanced technologies that are being applied for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composites. These include acoustic emission, ultrasonic, eddy-current, computed tomography, electromagnetic acoustic transducer, radiography, thermography, and low-frequency vibration methods. The article also provides information on NDE methods commonly used for metal-matrix composites.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... Abstract The structural efficiency of a composite structure is established by its joints and assembly. Adhesive bonding, mechanical fastening, and fusion bonding are three types of joining methods for polymer-matrix composites. This article provides information on surface treatment and the...
Abstract
The structural efficiency of a composite structure is established by its joints and assembly. Adhesive bonding, mechanical fastening, and fusion bonding are three types of joining methods for polymer-matrix composites. This article provides information on surface treatment and the applications of adhesive bonding. It discusses the types of adhesives, namely, epoxy adhesives, epoxy-phenolic adhesives, condensation-reaction PI adhesives, addition-reaction PI adhesives, bismaleimide adhesives, and structural adhesives. The article provides information on fastener selection considerations, including corrosion compatibility, fastener materials and strength, head configurations, importance of clamp-up, interference fit fasteners, lightning strike protection, blind fastening, and sensitivity to hole quality. Types of fusion bonding are presented, namely, thermal welding, friction welding, electromagnetic welding, and polymer-coated material welding.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003046
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... Materials Handbook, ASM International, 1990, p 821–828 M.M. Schwartz, Joining of Composite Matrix Materials, ASM International, 1994, p 69–77 The five repair joint concepts shown in Fig. 2 were developed for generic laminate repair. Each of these will be discussed in detail. Fig. 2 Repair...
Abstract
Relatively limited effort has gone into developing repair processes and materials for composites, in contrast to the significant labor and expense that has gone into the development of these materials for numerous critical applications. As composites gain wider acceptance as aerospace materials, there is a need to understand the requirements of the end users regarding repair of these advanced materials. This article focuses on the repair of graphite-epoxy structures designed in a variety of forms for a wide range of load intensities. Five repair concepts developed for generic laminate repair have been validated in this article through the required environmental and load condition tests. These include bonded-scarf joint flush repair, double-scarf joint flush repair, blind-side banded-scarf repair, blind-side sandwich repair, and bonded external patch repair. A brief note on thermoplastic repair concepts is also provided in this article.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.9781627081955
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003064
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... strengths and moduli as those achieved with resin matrix composites. Moreover, because their properties are maintained to 2000 °C (3650 °F), they represent the premier material for inert atmosphere or short-time high-temperature applications. Table 7 shows typical mechanical properties of unidirectional...
Abstract
Carbon-carbon composites (CCCs) are introduced in fields that require their high specific strength and stiffness, in combination with their thermoshock resistance, chemical resistance, and fracture toughness, especially at high temperatures. The use of CCCs has expanded as the price of carbon fibers has dropped and their mechanical properties have increased. This article begins with an overview of the carbon conversion processes, fiber properties and microstructures, and interfacial bonding and environmental interaction of carbon fibers, followed by a detailed discussion on the various techniques available for processing CCCs for specific applications, including preform fabrication (fiber weaving), densification, application of protective coatings, and joining. The article closes with a description of the mechanical and physical properties and applications of CCCs. The main applications of CCCs, in terms of money and mass, are in the military, space, and aircraft industries.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003042
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... related and totally independent of the material matrix. Therefore, the cutting tools, feed rates, and rotational speeds to be discussed are applicable to thermoplastic, bismaleimide, polyimide, and epoxy matrices, as well as to hybrids of composites and metals. Focused laser beams are used to...
Abstract
This article describes the use of conventional machining techniques, laser cutting and water-jet cutting for producing finished composite parts. It explains two representative polymer-matrix composites--graphite and aramid composites--and discusses the machining and drilling problems such as delamination and fiber or resin pullout. The article describes machining and drilling techniques and the necessary tools and cutting parameters. It presents a description of laser cutting. The article also provides information on the advantages, disadvantages, cutting characteristics, and applications of water-jet cutting and abrasive water-jet cutting.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003002
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... mechanical properties reinforced engineering thermoplastics thermoset-matrix unidirectional advanced composites thermosets unreinforced engineering thermoplastics Table 1 Properties of thermoplastics Room-temperature data for unreinforced, general-purpose grades Material Specific gravity...
Abstract
This article is a comprehensive collection of engineering tables providing information on the mechanical properties of and the techniques for processing and characterizing polymeric materials, such as thermosets, thermoset-matrix unidirectional advanced composites, and unreinforced and carbon-and glass-reinforced engineering thermoplastics. Values are also provided for chemical resistance ratings for selected plastics and metals, and hardness of selected elastomers.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003035
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... Abstract Sheet molding compound (SMC) is a composite material - consisting of glass-fiber-reinforced polyester in a resin matrix - that’s available in sheet form for the production of compression-molded parts. This article discusses the components incorporated into the resin paste, including...
Abstract
Sheet molding compound (SMC) is a composite material - consisting of glass-fiber-reinforced polyester in a resin matrix - that’s available in sheet form for the production of compression-molded parts. This article discusses the components incorporated into the resin paste, including catalysts, fillers, thickeners, pigments, thermoplastic polymers, flame retardants, and ultraviolet absorbers, and how to optimize them to achieve the desired processing and molding characteristics and the necessary properties in the resulting parts. The article also presents several mixing techniques, including batch, batch/continuous, and continuous mixing, and describes the operations of continuous-belt and beltless machine type SMCs.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003005
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... materials, including ferrous alloys, nonferrous alloys, ceramics, cermets and cemented carbides, engineering plastics, polymer-matrix composites, metal-matrix composites, ceramic-matrix and carbon-carbon composites, and reviews their general property characteristics and applications. It describes the...
Abstract
The selection of engineered materials is an integrated process that requires an understanding of the interaction between materials properties, manufacturing characteristics, design considerations, and the total life cycle of the product. This article classifies various engineered materials, including ferrous alloys, nonferrous alloys, ceramics, cermets and cemented carbides, engineering plastics, polymer-matrix composites, metal-matrix composites, ceramic-matrix and carbon-carbon composites, and reviews their general property characteristics and applications. It describes the synergy between the elements of the materials selection process and presents a general comparison of material properties. Finally, the article provides a short note on computer aided materials selection systems, which help in proper archiving of materials selection decisions for future reference.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003038
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... edges and delamination. A suitable alternative is still being sought for these composites. A composite is, by definition, a combination of reinforcing fibers surrounded by a stress-transferring medium or matrix that allows the development of the full properties of the reinforcing fibers. The level of...
Abstract
Pultrusion is an automated process for manufacturing composite materials into continuous, constant cross-sectional profiles. The article provides an overview of the pultrusion process and the wide range of materials that can be used to provide a broad spectrum of composite properties. It discusses the mechanical, physical and material properties of pultruded products, and the orientation options available to utilize the properties advantageously. The article also provides guidelines for designing pultruded products.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003033
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... Abstract This article addresses the types, properties, forms, and applications of fibers that are available for use in fiber-reinforced polymeric matrix composites, including glass, graphite, carbon, aramid, boron, silicon carbide, ceramic, continuous oxide and discontinuous oxide fibers. It...
Abstract
This article addresses the types, properties, forms, and applications of fibers that are available for use in fiber-reinforced polymeric matrix composites, including glass, graphite, carbon, aramid, boron, silicon carbide, ceramic, continuous oxide and discontinuous oxide fibers. It describes the functions, types, and chemical composition of fiber sizing agents. The article discusses the styles, properties, applications, and weaving methods of unidirectional, two-directional and multidirectionally reinforced fabrics. The article also reviews the use of prepreg resins in aerospace and lower performance applications.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003052
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... bertrandite ores High thermal conductivity High electrical resistivity Substrates (heatsinks) in electronics SiC Acheson process: SiO 2 + C → SiC + CO Pyrolysis of polycarbosilanes Extreme hardness Resistance to thermal shock Wear parts As a fiber whisker or particle in metal-matrix composites and...
Abstract
This article explains how ceramic powders are made. It begins by briefly describing the raw materials used in structural clay products, whitewares, refractories, and advanced ceramics. It then examines various additives that promote uniformity at different stages of the process. After a description of the comminution process (wet and dry milling methods), it discusses batching and mixing operations and granulation methods. The article also deals with the effect of process variables and the steps involved in chemical synthesis, including preparation from solution and gas-phase reactions, filtration and washing, and powder recovery techniques. It concludes with a discussion on characterization, centering on size distribution analysis, specific surface area, density, porosity chemical composition, phase, and surface composition.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003008
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... produce higher-performance engineering plastics. A composite is defined here as a material containing a resin matrix and a reinforcing agent, such as fiber. Heat and ultraviolet stabilizers, flame retardants, and other ingredients can be compounded into the resins to improve certain properties...
Abstract
This article discusses the family characteristics, commercial forms, applications, resin grades, and mechanical and physical properties of traditional engineering thermoplastics in their neat (unmodified) form and as compounds and composites, namely, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenes, acrylics, high-density polyethylenes, reinforced polypropylenes, high-impact polystyrenes, polyvinyl chloride, styrene-acrylonitriles, and styrene-maleic anhydrides.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001241
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... important to understand whether a composite is dominated by a “hard” or “soft” matrix, as outlined in Table 3 . This distinction is crucial in developing rational and economical finishing methods. Table 3 Matrix material that influences the finishing difficulty of typical composites Composite...
Abstract
This article focuses on the influence of various work material properties, namely, hardness; toughness; stiffness; ductility; thermal, electrical, and magnetic properties; and microstructure effects on finishing methods. It also addresses the relative response of work materials, such as metals, ceramics, and composites, to grinding.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003244
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... appropriate procedures exist. In multiphase alloys, the rates of polishing of different phases often are not the same. Polishing results depend heavily on whether the second or third phases are strongly cathodic or anodic with respect to the matrix. The matrix is dissolved preferentially if the other...
Abstract
This article describes the methods and equipments involved in the preparation of specimens for examination by light optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis for microindentation hardness testing, and for quantification of microstructural parameters, either manually or by the use of image analyzers. Preparation of metallographic specimens generally requires five major operations: sectioning, mounting, grinding, chemical polishing, and etching. The article provides information on the principles of technique selection in mechanical polishing, and describes the procedures, advantages, and disadvantages of electrolytic and chemical polishing. It also provides a detailed account of procedures, precautions, and composition for preparation and handling of etchants.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006757
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... a region close to the fracture in a steam pipe of a CrMo steel that failed by creep. In Fig. 35(a) , the specimen has been repeatedly polished and etched to open voids where carbides have precipitated on grain boundaries and are decoherent with the matrix. There is the appearance of extensive creep...
Abstract
Examination of a damaged component involves a chain of activities that, first and foremost, requires good observation and documentation. Following receipt and documentation, the features of damage can be recorded and their cause(s) investigated, as this article briefly describes, for typical types of damage experienced for metallic components. This article discusses the processes involved in visual or macroscopic examination of damaged material; the interpretation of fracture features, corrosion, and wear damage features; and the analysis of base material composition. It covers the processes involved in the selection of metallurgical samples, the preparation and examination of metallographic specimens in failure analysis, and the analysis and interpretation of microstructures. Examination and evaluation of polymers and ceramic materials in failure analysis are also briefly discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003036
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... temperature. To ensure adequate handling, wet-out, and fiber impregnation, the matrix must be liquid at room temperature. A sufficient time interval must exist during part lay-up to permit the entire part to be laid up before solidification. This time interval is called gel time. After lay-up of the part is...
Abstract
Wet lay-up using hand or spray techniques is one of the simplest methods of combining a fiber reinforcement with a solidifying resin to form a composite structure. This article describes several wet lay-up processes - including contact molding, spray molding, vacuum bag molding, and autoclave molding - suited for making parts on open-faced molds using polyester and vinyl ester resins. The article also provides information on mechanically assisted lay-up which can be automated to alleviate some of the manual work.