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thermoplastic-matrix composite failures
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009081
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... of composite failure mechanisms such as thermoplastic-matrix composite failure mechanisms, untoughened thermoset-matrix composite failure mechanisms, toughened thermoset-matrix composite failure mechanisms, dispersed-phase and rubber-toughened thermoset-matrix composite failure mechanisms, and particle...
Abstract
This article describes methods for analyzing impact-damaged composites in the aircraft industry. These include C-scan and x-radiography methods and optical microscopy. The article reviews brittle-matrix composite and tough-matrix composite failures. It explains the different types of composite failure mechanisms such as thermoplastic-matrix composite failure mechanisms, untoughened thermoset-matrix composite failure mechanisms, toughened thermoset-matrix composite failure mechanisms, dispersed-phase and rubber-toughened thermoset-matrix composite failure mechanisms, and particle interlayer-toughened composite failure mechanisms.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003466
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... composite laminate. 900× Fig. 20 Fracture feature known as matrix rollers on the surface of a carbon/KIII thermoplastic composite, following failure under mode II shear loading conditions. 1000× Minimal changes in the manufacturing processes were explored and minimal environmental...
Abstract
This article illustrates typical fractographic features for a number of different composite materials. It describes the differences in fracture characteristics due to different loading, material processing, and environmental conditions. The article presents fractographic data obtained from epoxy matrix materials. Minimal fractographic data from other brittle thermoset resin systems are also presented. The article discusses the interlaminar fracture of composites with ductile thermoplastic matrices. It also provides information on the translaminar fracture features of the composite materials.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003419
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... Reinforcement form Matrix type Matrix/raw material form Fiber volume fraction Modulus Strength Failure strain, % GPa 10 6 psi MPa ksi Thermoplastic composites Mat (a) PP Melt-impregnated molding compound (GMT) 0.20 3.5 0.51 55 8.0 1.8 0.30 4.5 0.65 70 10 1.8 0.40...
Abstract
This article describes the characteristics of thermoplastic composites and its material forms. It presents the steps and considerations in manufacturing the thermoplastic composites. The article describes the various techniques of manufacturing, such as consolidation, autoclave molding, diaphragm forming, compression molding, roll forming, bladder molding, liquid molding, filament winding, and pultrusion.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003441
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... and cured thermoset-matrix resins and prepregs. constituent materials chemical test physical test mechanical test reinforcement fibers reinforcement fabrics thermoset resin matrices thermoplastic resin matrices prepregs A COMPOSITE is composed of some form of reinforcement combined...
Abstract
This article describes the most significant tests to characterize the properties of constituent materials. It discusses the chemical, physical, and mechanical tests for determining the properties of reinforcement fibers and fabrics. The article provides information on some of the basic materials used for thermoset and thermoplastic resin matrices. It reviews the identification of the individual characteristics of thermoset and thermoplastic resin along with the test methods normally used for their determination. The article contains a table that lists properties and tests for uncured and cured thermoset-matrix resins and prepregs.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001468
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... Abstract This article discusses the material combinations, design details, and fabrication processes considered in the adhesive bonding or melt-fuse interface (amorphous bond) bonding method of joining resin-matrix composites to metals. adhesive bonding bolted joints bonded joints...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003031
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... of even several fibers results in the redistribution of load onto other fibers rather than a catastrophic failure of the part. Glass-fiber-reinforced organic-matrix composites are the most familiar and widely used, and have had extensive application in industrial, consumer, military, and aerospace...
Abstract
This article discusses the types, properties, and uses of continuous-fiber-reinforced composites, including glass, carbon, aramid, boron, continuous silicon carbide, and aluminum oxide fiber composites. While polyester and vinyl ester resins are the most used matrix materials for commercial applications, epoxy resins, bismaleimide resins, polyimide resins, and thermoplastic resins are used for aerospace applications. The article addresses design considerations as well as product forms and fabrication processes.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009071
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... of matrices is that they are reactive (thermosets) and nonreactive (thermoplastics) polymers. Most thermoplastic-matrix composites are developed with their polymerization complete. As a result, thermoplastic fiber-reinforced composites are generally more difficult to produce due to high viscosity resulting...
Abstract
This article illustrates the polymer matrices used for composite materials. It describes the use of prepeg materials in manufacturing high-performance composites. The article discusses the various infusion processes for the development of fiber-reinforced composites, namely, resin transfer molding, vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding, and resin film infusion. It explains the composite- and matrix-toughening methods for fiber-reinforced composites, such as dispersed-phase toughening and interlayer toughening. The article concludes with information on optical microscopy, which provides an insight into the micro- and macrostructure of fiber-reinforced composites.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009080
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... impregnation material quality microstructure morphology particle interlayer toughening prepregs reflected-light optical microscopy single-pass impregnation thermoplastic materials thermoset-matrix composites THE PERFORMANCE of fiber-reinforced composite systems has evolved in response to new...
Abstract
This article describes the dispersed-phase toughening of thermoset matrices by the development of multiphase-structure thermosetting matrices using rubber and/or thermoplastic materials. It discusses two main methods for manufacturing prepregs, namely, single-pass impregnation and double-pass impregnation. The article illustrates reflected-light optical microscopy techniques to evaluate the morphology of thermoplastic materials for determining the material quality and correlating key microstructural features with material performance.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001466
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... Abstract Successful adhesive bonding of organic-matrix composites is dependent on the nature of the adherend surfaces. This article emphasizes the critical importance of proper surface preparation in both thermoset and thermoplastic composites. It provides information on surface preparation...
Abstract
Successful adhesive bonding of organic-matrix composites is dependent on the nature of the adherend surfaces. This article emphasizes the critical importance of proper surface preparation in both thermoset and thermoplastic composites. It provides information on surface preparation for thermoset composite adherends along with a standard technique (water-break test) for verifying the adequacy of surface preparation for metal bonding. In addition, the article provides examples of good and bad adhesive bonds and describes some important process variables that are considered and controlled in bonding process for thermoset adhesives. The article concludes with a discussion on three different approaches for bonding thermoplastic composite composite panels together.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... of the high-temperature thermoplastic used in the composite matrix, to allow users to melt and bond the analog without melting the composite. This Thermabond process ( Ref 6 ) uses PEEK composites that are first coated with PEI film during part consolidation, prior to joining. Because the amorphous PEI has...
Abstract
The structural efficiency of a composite structure is established by its joints and assembly. Adhesive bonding, mechanical fastening, and fusion bonding are three types of joining methods for polymer-matrix composites. This article provides information on surface treatment and the applications of adhesive bonding. It discusses the types of adhesives, namely, epoxy adhesives, epoxy-phenolic adhesives, condensation-reaction PI adhesives, addition-reaction PI adhesives, bismaleimide adhesives, and structural adhesives. The article provides information on fastener selection considerations, including corrosion compatibility, fastener materials and strength, head configurations, importance of clamp-up, interference fit fasteners, lightning strike protection, blind fastening, and sensitivity to hole quality. Types of fusion bonding are presented, namely, thermal welding, friction welding, electromagnetic welding, and polymer-coated material welding.
Image
Published: 01 January 2001
Fig. 20 Fracture feature known as matrix rollers on the surface of a carbon/KIII thermoplastic composite, following failure under mode II shear loading conditions. 1000×
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Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006878
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... matrices are polymers, either thermoset or thermoplastics ( Ref 2 , 3 ). Failure of Polymer-Matrix Composites Upon their introduction to high-performance applications, polymer-matrix composites were touted as a universal panacea ( Ref 1 , 2 ). Unfortunately, these early materials were of poor...
Abstract
This article presents the failure of polymer-matrix composites and the methodology for fractography. It provides a detailed discussion on the types of translaminar, interlaminar, and intralaminar failures. The article also presents a discussion on the types of fatigue failures, and the influence of composite architecture. It provides details of the fractography associated with defects and damage.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003425
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... been offered to the industry. Candidate matrix resins for thermoplastic advanced composites Table 1 Candidate matrix resins for thermoplastic advanced composites Polymer Glass transition temperature Melt temperature °C °F °C °F Semicrystalline Polyetheretherketone 143...
Abstract
Advanced thermoplastic composites possess impact resistance, fracture toughness, and elevated temperature endurance properties due to their melt-fusible nature. This article presents the material options available for thermoplastic composites such as pseudothermoplastics, post-impregnated thermoplastics, and true thermoplastics. It describes the processing methods of thermoplastic composites, including weaving, seaming, autoclaving, preconsolidation, roll consolidation, roll forming/pultruding, thermoforming, press forming, hydroforming, and diaphragm forming. The article provides information on different types of joints, namely, fastened, adhesive bonded, dual polymer bonded, co-consolidated, and welded joints. It explains the joining methods of thermoplastic composites, such as press forming, diaphragm forming, autoclaving, ultrasonic welding, resistance welding, and induction welding.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003474
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... successes and failures must be documented to lay the foundation for product improvements. Sometimes, structurally optimized properties typically require trade-offs with appearance requirements. Design Challenges and Constraints Polymer-matrix composites have been shown to have great potential for use...
Abstract
This article discusses the advantages of polymer matrix composite for automotive application in terms of design drivers, noise, vibration, harshness efficiency, process materials property constraints, safety and reliability, design optimization, structural and appearance requirements, recyclability, and processability. It describes the properties of high-volume composites used in automotive industries. The article provides a discussion on state-of-the-art and developing technologies in automotive field.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003572
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article reviews the abrasive and adhesive wear failure of several types of reinforced polymers, including particulate-reinforced polymers, short-fiber reinforced polymers (SFRP), continuous unidirectional fiber reinforced polymers (FRP), particulate-filled composites, mixed...
Abstract
This article reviews the abrasive and adhesive wear failure of several types of reinforced polymers, including particulate-reinforced polymers, short-fiber reinforced polymers (SFRP), continuous unidirectional fiber reinforced polymers (FRP), particulate-filled composites, mixed composites (SFRP and particulate-filled), unidirectional FRP composites, and fabric reinforced composites. Friction and wear performance of the composites, correlation of performance with various materials properties, and studies on wear-of failure mechanisms by scanning electron microscopy are discussed for each of these types.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009079
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... in the modulus of the matrix and reduction in strain at lower temperatures. Unfortunately, most composite materials are not subjected to combined mechanical-thermal loading situations before being put into service, and therefore, premature degradation or failure can result. After the formation of microcracks...
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003350
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
...-matrix, metal-matrix, and ceramic-matrix composites. composite material organic-matrix composites metal-matrix composites ceramic-matrix composites A COMPOSITE MATERIAL is a macroscopic combination of two or more distinct materials, having a recognizable interface between them. Composites...
Abstract
This article begins with a brief history of composite materials and discusses its characteristics. It presents an introduction to the constituents, product forms, and fabrication processes of composite materials. The article concludes with a discussion on the applications of organic-matrix, metal-matrix, and ceramic-matrix composites.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003046
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... lower than had been commonly thought necessary for wood or advanced composites. Joining the 16-ply generic parent laminate to a 16-ply patch with the same [(0/±45/90) 2 ] s stacking order as shown in Fig. 3 resulted in shear failure in the joint at 51% joint efficiency. Fig. 3 Basic co-cured...
Abstract
Relatively limited effort has gone into developing repair processes and materials for composites, in contrast to the significant labor and expense that has gone into the development of these materials for numerous critical applications. As composites gain wider acceptance as aerospace materials, there is a need to understand the requirements of the end users regarding repair of these advanced materials. This article focuses on the repair of graphite-epoxy structures designed in a variety of forms for a wide range of load intensities. Five repair concepts developed for generic laminate repair have been validated in this article through the required environmental and load condition tests. These include bonded-scarf joint flush repair, double-scarf joint flush repair, blind-side banded-scarf repair, blind-side sandwich repair, and bonded external patch repair. A brief note on thermoplastic repair concepts is also provided in this article.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003381
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... information on the accelerated aging process for understanding the degradation mechanisms and failure modes in composites. It also describes the effect of moisture absorption on mechanical properties of polymer-matrix composites. composite material moisture absorption physical properties chemical...
Abstract
Hygrothermal behavior of cured composite materials relates to the combined and commonly synergistic effects of moisture absorption and temperature on various physical, chemical and mechanical properties. This article focuses on the influence of resins or matrices, reinforcements, processing, and diffusion on hygrothermal behavior of polymer-matrix composites and provides an outline on general considerations in assessing them. It discusses the hygrothermal testing and conditioning of polymer-matrix composites to assess fundamental hygrothermal behavior. The article provides information on the accelerated aging process for understanding the degradation mechanisms and failure modes in composites. It also describes the effect of moisture absorption on mechanical properties of polymer-matrix composites.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005676
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... of polymeric materials and the characteristics that make them a unique class of materials, common medical plastics, regulatory aspects of materials selection failure analysis and prevention, and current and future trends in medical polymers. Composition, Structure, and Properties of Polymers Medical...
Abstract
Polymers offer a wide range of choices for medical applications because of their versatility in properties and processing. This article provides an overview of polymeric materials and the characteristics that make them a unique class of materials. It describes the ways to classify polymers, including the polymerization method, how the material deforms, or molecular origin or stability. The article contains tables that list common medical polymers used in medical devices. It explains the medical polymer selection criteria and regulatory aspects of materials selection failure analysis and prevention. Failure analysis and prevention processes to determine the root cause of failures that arise at different stages of the product life cycle are reviewed. The article describes the mechanisms of plastic product failure analysis. It discusses the trends in the use of medical polymers, such as high-performance polymers for implants, tissue engineering, and bioresorbable polymers.
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