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thermodynamic properties
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Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005190
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... solubility steel thermodynamic properties structural diagrams multicomponent iron-carbon system THE STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES of cast metals are sensitive to numerous impurities. Because purification of melts generally adds considerable cost to castings, the lowest cost and surest defense against...
Abstract
This article addresses two issues on thermodynamics, namely, the calculation of solubility lines and the calculation of the activity of various components. It discusses alloying elements in terms of their influence on the activity of carbon. The article describes the desulfurization and deoxidation of cast iron and steel. It illustrates the thermodynamics of the iron-carbon system and the iron-silicon system. The article examines solubility and saturation degrees of carbon in multicomponent iron-carbon systems. One of the main applications of the thermodynamics of the iron-carbon system is the calculation of structure-composition correlations. The article concludes with information on the structural diagrams for cast iron: the Maurer diagram and the Laplanche diagram.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005191
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Abstract This article provides accessible information on the thermodynamic properties of liquid aluminum-base and copper-base alloys with the help of phase diagrams. It contains tables that compile the thermodynamic data in the form of activities, activity coefficients, partial molar thermal...
Abstract
This article provides accessible information on the thermodynamic properties of liquid aluminum-base and copper-base alloys with the help of phase diagrams. It contains tables that compile the thermodynamic data in the form of activities, activity coefficients, partial molar thermal properties, and integral molar properties for selected aluminum-based and copper-based alloys.
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in The Application of Thermodynamic and Material Property Modeling to Process Simulation of Industrial Alloys
> Metals Process Simulation
Published: 01 November 2010
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005517
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
..., such as thermophysical and physical properties, temperature- and strain-rate-dependent mechanical properties, properties for use in the modeling of quench distortion, and properties for use in solidification modeling, is also reviewed. The article also describes the linking of thermodynamic, kinetic, and material...
Abstract
This article presents the background to the CALculation of PHAse Diagrams (CALPHAD) method, explaining how it works, and how it can be applied in industrial practice. The extension of CALPHAD methods as a core basis for the modeling of generalized material properties is explored. It informs that one of the aims of CALPHAD methods has been to calculate phase equilibria in the complex, multicomponent alloys that are used regularly by industry. The article discusses the application of CALPHAD calculations to industrial alloys. Modeling of general material properties, such as thermophysical and physical properties, temperature- and strain-rate-dependent mechanical properties, properties for use in the modeling of quench distortion, and properties for use in solidification modeling, is also reviewed. The article also describes the linking of thermodynamic, kinetic, and material property models.
Book Chapter
Book: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006240
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
...-Titanium) System, J. Phase Equilib. , Vol 23, 2002, p 541–547 ( Ref 11 ) Cu-Ni-Zn Liquidus Projection Source: Y.A. Chang, J.P. Neumann, A. Mikula, and D. Goldberg, Phase Diagrams and Thermodynamic Properties of Ternary Copper-Metal Systems , INCRA Monograph VI, International Copper Research...
Abstract
This article is a compilation of ternary alloy phase diagrams for which copper (Cu) is the first-named element in the ternary system. The other elements are Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, S, Sb, Si, Sn, Ti and Zn. The diagrams are presented with element compositions in weight percent. The article includes 42 phase diagrams (liquidus projection, solidus projection, isopleths, isothermal section and vertical section).
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Published: 27 April 2016
Source: Y.A. Chang, J.P. Neumann, A. Mikula, and D. Goldberg, Phase Diagrams and Thermodynamic Properties of Ternary Copper-Metal Systems , INCRA Monograph VI, International Copper Research Association, 1979 ( Ref 17 )
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Published: 27 April 2016
Source: Y.A. Chang, J.P. Neumann, A. Mikula, and D. Goldberg, Phase Diagrams and Thermodynamic Properties of Ternary Copper-Metal Systems , INCRA Monograph VI, International Copper Research Association, 1979 ( Ref 12 )
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Image
Published: 27 April 2016
Source: Y.A. Chang, J.P. Neumann, A. Mikula, and D. Goldberg, Phase Diagrams and Thermodynamic Properties of Ternary Copper-Metal Systems , INCRA Monograph VI, International Copper Research Association, 1979 ( Ref 12 )
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Image
Published: 27 April 2016
Source: Y.A. Chang, J.P. Neumann, A. Mikula, and D. Goldberg, Phase Diagrams and Thermodynamic Properties of Ternary Copper-Metal Systems , INCRA Monograph VI, International Copper Research Association, 1979 ( Ref 12 )
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Image
Published: 27 April 2016
Source: Y.A. Chang, J.P. Neumann, A. Mikula, and D. Goldberg, Phase Diagrams and Thermodynamic Properties of Ternary Copper-Metal Systems , INCRA Monograph VI, International Copper Research Association, 1979 ( Ref 12 )
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Image
Published: 27 April 2016
Source: J.-B. Li, W. Zhang, Ch. Li, and Zh. Du, Assessment of Phase Diagram and Thermodynamic Properties of the Al-Ga-Sb System, J. Phase Equilib ., Vol 20, 1999, p 316–323 ( Ref 21 )
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Image
Published: 27 April 2016
Source: J.-B. Li, W. Zhang, Ch. Li, and Zh. Du, Assessment of Phase Diagram and Thermodynamic Properties of the Al-Ga-Sb System, J. Phase Equilib ., Vol 20, 1999, p 316–323 ( Ref 21 )
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Image
Published: 27 April 2016
Source: J.-B. Li, W. Zhang, Ch. Li, and Zh. Du, Assessment of Phase Diagram and Thermodynamic Properties of the Al-Ga-Sb System, J. Phase Equilib ., Vol 20, 1999, p 316–323 ( Ref 21 )
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Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005206
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... change of state of a chemical system following the laws of thermodynamics is called chemical thermodynamics. The thermodynamic properties of individual phases can be used for evaluating their relative stability and heat evolution during phase transformations or reactions. Traditionally, the most common...
Abstract
This article discusses the application of thermodynamic in the form of phase diagrams for visually representing the state of a material and for understanding the solidification of alloys. It presents the derivation of the relationship between the Gibbs energy functions and phase diagrams, which forms the basis for the calculation of phase diagrams (CALPHAD) method. The article also discusses the calculation of phase diagrams and solidification by using the Scheil-Gulliver equation.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005189
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... i are also needed. Tabulations of γ i o and Δ G ^ i o for elements in solution in liquid iron, cobalt, and copper are given in Ref 2 . Similar data for aluminum are included in the article “Thermodynamic Properties of Aluminum-Base and Copper-Base Alloys...
Abstract
This article introduces the fundamental concepts of chemical thermodynamics and chemical kinetics in describing presolidification phenomena. For metallurgical systems, the most important thermodynamic variables are enthalpy and Gibbs free energy. A qualitative demonstration of the interrelationship between phase diagrams and thermodynamics is presented. The article discusses processes that generally limit the rates of chemical processes. These include nucleation of the product phase and interphase mass transport. The article provides a discussion on the dissolution of alloy with melting point lower than bath temperature and dissolution of alloy that is solid at bath temperatures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005448
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... Abstract This article is a comprehensive collection of the thermodynamic equations and property relations of the first and second laws of thermodynamics that are applicable to closed-system consisting of several homogeneous and heterogeneous phases. thermodynamics thermodynamic...
Book Chapter
Book: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006233
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
... Diagrams , Vol 8, Metals Handbook , 8th ed., American Society for Metals, 1973 ( Ref 10 ) Al-Cu-Si Liquidus Projection Source: Y.A. Chang, J.P. Neumann, A. Mikula, and D. Goldberg, Phase Diagrams and Thermodynamic Properties of Ternary Copper-Metal Systems , INCRA Monograph VI, International...
Abstract
This article is a compilation of ternary alloy phase diagrams for which aluminum (Al) is the first-named element in the ternary system. The other elements are C, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Nb, Ni, Sb, Si, Ti, U, V and Zn. The diagrams are presented with element compositions in weight percent. The article includes 136 phase diagrams (liquidus projection, solidus projection, isothermal section, vertical section, and solvus projection).
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005429
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... Abstract Electronic structure methods based on the density functional theory (DFT) are used as a powerful tool for assessing the mechanical thermodynamic and defect properties of metal alloys. This article presents the origins of the electronic structure methods and their strengths...
Abstract
Electronic structure methods based on the density functional theory (DFT) are used as a powerful tool for assessing the mechanical thermodynamic and defect properties of metal alloys. This article presents the origins of the electronic structure methods and their strengths and limitations. It describes the basic procedures for calculating essential structural properties in metal alloys. The article reviews the approximations and computational details of the pseudopotential plane wave methods used in metal systems. It provides information on the applications of DFT methods in metal alloy systems. The article discusses the calculations of a variety of structural, thermodynamic, and defect properties, with particular emphasis on structural metal alloys and their derivatives.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006295
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
..., e C = 0.18. However, a more accurate description of the thermodynamic properties of Fe-C-Si phases at high carbon and silicon contents requires the use of second terms. The activity coefficient of carbon in iron as a function of carbon concentration and temperature is given in Fig. 3 after...
Abstract
The control of the solidification process of cast iron requires understanding and control of the thermodynamics of the liquid and solid phases and of the kinetics of their solidification, including nucleation and growth. This article addresses issues that allow for the determination of probability of formation and relative stability of various phases. These include the influence of temperature and composition on solubility of various elements in iron-base alloys; calculation of solubility lines, relevant to the construction of phase diagrams; and calculation of activity of various components. It discusses the role of alloying elements in terms of their influence on the activity of carbon, which provides information on the stability of the main carbon-rich phases of iron-carbon alloys, that is, graphite and cementite. The article reviews the carbon solubility in multicomponent systems, along with saturation degree and carbon equivalent.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006932
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... gradually approach thermodynamic equilibrium. The approach to equilibrium can lead to drastic or sometimes subtle changes in physical properties. Although aging is often characterized by monitoring changes in excess enthalpy and entropy, these measurements do not necessarily directly correlate with changes...
Abstract
Engineering plastics, as a general class of materials, are prone to the development of internal stresses which arise during processing or during servicing when parts are exposed to environments that impose deformation and/or temperature extremes. Thermal stresses are largely a consequence of high coefficients of thermal expansion and low thermal diffusivities. Although time-consuming techniques can be used to analyze thermal stresses, several useful qualitative tests are described in this article. The classification of internal stresses in plastic parts is covered. The article describes the effects of low thermal diffusivity and high thermal expansion properties, and the variation of mechanical properties with temperature. It discusses the combined effects of thermal stresses and orientation that result from processing conditions. The article also describes the effect of aging on properties of plastics. It explains the use of high-modulus graphite fibers in amorphous polymers.
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