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Book Chapter

Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003136
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract Copper and copper alloys are used extensively in structural applications in which they are subject to moderately elevated temperatures. At relatively low operating temperatures, these alloys can undergo thermal softening or stress relaxation, which can lead to service failures...
Image
Published: 31 October 2011
Fig. 46 Schematics showing the effect of weld thermal cycles on the softening in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) in age-hardenable aluminum alloys. (a) Thermal cycles in the HAZ (for corresponding locations in the weld, see inset). (b) HAZ hardness profiles before and after aging. PWAA, postweld More
Image
Published: 01 January 1993
Fig. 36 Schematic showing the effect of weld thermal cycles on the softening in the HAZ in age-hardenable aluminum alloys. (a) Thermal cycles in the HAZ (for corresponding locations in weld, see inset. (b) HAZ hardness profiles before and after aging. PWAA, postweld artificial aging. Source More
Book Chapter

By Rajiv Shivpuri, Sailesh Babu, S.L. Semiatin
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003976
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... resistance to abrasive wear. Air-Hardening Medium-Alloy Tool Steels (A2, A7, A8, A9) Manganese, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium are the principal alloying elements in this group of tool steels. These steels have moderate resistance to thermal softening and, because of their high carbon content...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005515
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... Abstract Friction welding is based on the rapid introduction of heat, causing the temperature at the interface to rise sharply and leading to local softening. This article illustrates the basic principles of direct-drive rotational friction welding and inertia friction welding. Modeling...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.a0006278
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
... than those inducing recrystallization in commercial heat treatments, thermal softening can occur over extended periods, and characteristics such as the half-softening temperature should be considered, that is, the temperature for which worked metal softens to half its original hardness after a specific...
Book Chapter

By Richard E. Chinn
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006674
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... of Thermomechanical Analyzers ASTM E 228 Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials with a Push-Rod Dilatometer ASTM E 2347 Standard Test Method for Indentation Softening Temperature by Thermomechanical Analysis ASTM E 2769 Standard Test Method for Elastic Modulus...
Book Chapter

By Christian E. Fischer
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005519
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... − T amb ) ] m ) In the Johnson-Cook equation and its variants, strain hardening, strain-rate sensitivity, and thermal softening are treated in separate, independent terms. A represents the basic strength, and B and n the strain-hardening behavior. C represents rate...
Image
Published: 12 September 2022
Fig. 30 Stiffness softening of poly(urea-urethane) nanohybrid elastomer (PUU-POSS) scaffolds under compression. (a) Optical images of surface and cross section of the scaffolds with infill densities 80–30% made by 3D, thermally induced phase separation. (b) Scanning electron microscope images More
Book Chapter

By Leijun Li, Chunbo (Sam) Zhang
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005619
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... method from cyclic stress-strain data, thermal softening data, and acoustic (ultrasonic) softening data. The modified equations of isotropic and kinematic hardening are given by: (Eq 13) R ultrasonic = R th ⋅ ( 1 − d ⋅ E ultrasonic ) 2 (Eq 14) α...
Book Chapter

By Roger N. Wright
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005790
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... of plain carbon, low-alloy and high-alloy steels and temperature-time relations of subcritical annealing. Practical implications for induction annealing and induction normalizing are included. The article concludes by describing induction softening, which softens the threaded area on carburized components...
Book Chapter

By Sujeet K. Sinha
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003571
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... instantly affected by the stress and thermal conditions arising at the contact points due to sliding. The interfacial wear is defined as the removal of the material due to interfacial friction energy dissipation between asperities leading to events such as material softening, transfer wear, and chemical...
Book Chapter

By Schillings Tsang
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001381
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
.... Fig. 3 Plot of welding parameters versus time for a direct-drive FRW system. Courtesy of D.L. Kuruzar, Manufacturing Technology, Inc. Friction torque remains somewhat constant in phase 2, indicating that the process reaches a balance of effects between strain hardening and thermal softening...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006580
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... be extruded at various levels of accuracy and speed. As the names imply, hot extrusion uses thermal energy to soften the material so that it can extruded. As the material softens, its viscosity decreases, enabling it to be pushed through the die at a given level of accuracy and speed. Cold extrusion does...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006869
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... ). At a certain speed, the critical temperature is reached at the contact points of sliding couples. This results in reduction of the friction coefficient due to localized surface melting and thermal softening, which encourage viscoelastic contact and adhesive wear of bearing bodies. The friction coefficient...
Book Chapter

By Gaurav Nagalia
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006850
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... and a transfer film is deposited onto the counterface. The molecular orientation in PTFE is responsible for the drop in the friction coefficient. Although the friction coefficient is low for PTFE, wear is generally high because of the thermal softening of the interface zone and easy removal of the material...
Book Chapter

By Mohammad Amjadi
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006940
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
.... As a result, failure of some polymers under cyclic loading can be categorized first into thermal failure (unstable temperature rise in the material) and second into mechanical fatigue failure (crack initiation and growth in the absence of high temperature rise). Thermal failure involves thermal softening...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.a0006276
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
... or precipitates to increase strength and resistance to softening. High-copper alloys are unique in combining high strength with high thermal and electrical conductivity, two properties that are seldom found together in the same material. Typical applications for wrought high-copper alloys include electrical...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001241
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... sometimes observed on metals during grinding is rarely observed on ceramics. On the other hand, the hot hardness and recovery hardness of ceramics are much higher than those of metals, and the large-scale thermal softening that often aids in the grinding of metals can rarely be counted on in the grinding...
Book Chapter

By Jeganathan Karthikeyan
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005714
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... deformation and results in adiabatic heating of the particles at the interface. When the temperature is sufficiently high, thermal softening occurs and the interface can melt. The molten, viscous material flows, forming a material jet. When the material jet resolidifies, it forms a bond between the particles...