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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002452
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... coefficient-modulus chart material property charts modulus-density chart modulus-strength chart normalized strength-thermal expansion chart specific stiffness-specific strength chart strength-density chart thermal conductivity-thermal diffusivity chart thermal expansion-modulus chart thermal...
Abstract
Properties of an engineering material have a characteristic range of values that are conveniently displayed on materials selection charts. This article describes the plotting of data on these charts. It discusses the features of various types of material property charts, namely, modulus-density, strength-density, fracture toughness-density, modulus-strength, specific stiffness-specific strength, fracture toughness-modulus, fracture toughness-strength, loss coefficient-modulus, thermal conductivity-thermal diffusivity, thermal expansion-thermal conductivity, thermal expansion-modulus, and normalized strength-thermal expansion charts. The article examines the use of material property charts in presenting information in a compact and easily accessible manner.
Book Chapter
Testing of Stability and Thermal Properties of Thermal Barrier Coatings
Available to PurchaseBook: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001299
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... , and dT / dx is the temperature gradient. Alternatively, conductivity can be determined from: (Eq 5) λ = α C p ρ where α is the thermal diffusivity, C p is the specific heat, and ρ is the density. It should be noted that thermal conductivity cannot be measured directly. Equation 4...
Abstract
This article discusses the various tests applied to a thermal barrier coating system and to the zirconia layer to establish thermomechanical, environmental stability, and thermal design properties such as coefficient of thermal expansion, specific heat, and thermal transport properties. Thermal fatigue testing and the test for evaluating oxidation resistance of the bond coat is also discussed.
Book Chapter
Heat-Transfer Equations
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005993
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... thicknesses and thermal conductivities( Fig. 2 ). The contact resistance between layers is negligible. To determine the heat flow rate, Q , and temperature profile, T , of the structure, assuming one-dimensional heat conduction, the analogy between the diffusion and electric current can be extended...
Abstract
This article is a comprehensive collection of formulas, tables, and analytical solutions, addressing hundreds of heat-transfer scenarios encountered in science and engineering. With detailed explanations and dimensioned drawings, the article demonstrates how to set up and solve real-world problems, accounting for material properties, environmental variables, boundary and state conditions, and the primary modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. The article also includes reference data and provides closed-form solutions for common heat-transfer applications such as insulated pipes, cooling fins, radiation shields, and composite structures and configurations.
Book Chapter
Heat-Transfer Equations
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005449
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... thicknesses and thermal conductivities ( Fig. 2 ). The contact resistance between layers is negligible. To determine the heat flow rate, Q , and temperature profile, T , of the structure, assuming one-dimensional heat conduction, the analogy between the diffusion and electric current can be extended...
Abstract
This article is a comprehensive collection of formulas, tables, and analytical solutions, addressing hundreds of heat-transfer scenarios encountered in science and engineering. It also demonstrates how to set up and solve real-world problems, while accounting for material properties, environmental variables, boundary and state conditions, and the primary modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation.
Book Chapter
Computational Modeling of Induction Melting and Experimental Verification
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005898
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... of the Heat Diffusion Equation Transient Thermal Field for Medium with Constant Thermal Conductivity For a constant value of thermal conductivity, λ ∼ constant, Eq 14 becomes: (Eq 19) ∂ T ∂ t = λ γ c p div ( grad T ) + q vol γ c p...
Abstract
This article focuses on the basic turbulent flow, and the thermal, mass-transfer, and hydrodynamic phenomena for use in modeling physical processes during induction melting. It provides a discussion on transport phenomena equations that includes the approximation of convective terms in the transport equation and computational schemes for the fluid dynamics equation. The aspects of computational algorithms for specific magnetohydrodynamic problems with mutual influence of the magnetic field and melt flow due to the changing shape of the free surface are also considered. The article illustrates the application of the basic equations and approaches formulated for electromagnetic field and melt turbulent flow for the numerical study of an induction crucible furnace.
Book Chapter
Heating and Heat-Flow Simulation
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005529
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... / B = 0.1) 3.342 0.768 The Prandtl number, Pr , is expressed as: (Eq 19) P r = ν α where ν is the kinematic viscosity of the furnace gas (in m 2 /s); α is the thermal diffusivity of the furnace gas (in m 2 /s) and α = k /(ρ · c p ), where k is the conductivity (in W/m·K...
Abstract
This article provides information on the heat-source model, conduction heat-transfer model of parts and fixtures, and the radiation heat-transfer and convection heat-transfer models in a furnace. It describes the two types of furnaces used for heat treating: batch furnaces and continuous furnaces. The heating methods, such as direct-fired heating, radiant-tube heating, and electrical heating, are also discussed. Furnace temperature control is essential to ensure quality heat treatment. The article explains the operating procedure of the automatic temperature controllers used in most furnace operations. Heating simulations can be validated by comparison with measured results in full-scale furnaces. The article also presents several case studies to illustrate the use of the simulations.
Book Chapter
Determination of Heat Transfer Coefficients for Thermal Modeling
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005436
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... Abstract This article provides information on the various stages of quenching, sources of distortion, and factors that affect the creation of thermal gradients. It reviews the various determinations of heat-transfer coefficients by the thermal conductivity and diffusivity method, analytical...
Abstract
This article provides information on the various stages of quenching, sources of distortion, and factors that affect the creation of thermal gradients. It reviews the various determinations of heat-transfer coefficients by the thermal conductivity and diffusivity method, analytical and empirical methods, application of cooling curves, computational fluid dynamics, and the inverse conduction calculation and measurement of parts. Suitable examples are also provided.
Book Chapter
Structural Ceramics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001107
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... categories: Raw material preparation Forming and fabrication Thermal processing Finishing These categories are also indicated on Fig. 1 . Only a brief overview of ceramic processing can be included here. For specific details see the text by Reed ( Ref 2 ). Fig. 1 Flow chart...
Abstract
This article discusses the properties and uses of structural ceramics and the basic processing steps by which they are made. It describes raw material preparation, forming and fabrication, thermal processing, and finishing. It provides information on the composition, microstructure, and properties of aluminum oxides, aluminum titanate, silicon carbide, boron carbide, zirconia, silicon nitride, silicon-aluminum-oxynitride, and several ceramic composites. It also explains how these materials maintain their mechanical strength and dimensional tolerances at high temperatures and how some of their shortcomings are being addressed.
Book Chapter
Procedure Development and Practice Considerations for Ultrasonic Welding
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001448
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... for wire harness applications represent one common use. Bundles that have a cross-sectional area up to 30 mm 2 (0.05 in. 2 ) are readily weldable. The high thermal conductivity of copper is not the deterrent to ultrasonic welding that it is with fusion welding. Applications include: Stranded...
Abstract
Ultrasonic welding (USW) is effectively used to join both similar and dissimilar metals with lap-joint welds. This article describes procedure considerations for the ultrasonic welding of specific material types. It reviews difficult-to-weld alloys, such as carbon and low-alloy steels, high-strength steels, and stainless steel, and provides information on the applications of weldable alloys such as aluminum alloys and copper alloys. The article concludes with a discussion on welding of dissimilar metal (nonferrous-to-nonferrous) combinations and its applications.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Testing and Characterization
Available to PurchaseBook: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005728
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
...-temperature oxidation, wear, and corrosion. Additives to these powders have improved the phase stability and toughness of ceramic coatings. In general, ceramic coatings have lower heat conductivities than metallic coatings. Due to differences in thermal expansion coefficients with metals, ceramic coatings...
Abstract
Materials resulting from thermal spray processes are often different from their wrought, forged, and cast counterparts. Assessing the usefulness of thermal spray coatings requires understanding, developing, and using appropriate testing and characterization methods that are generally borrowed from other materials science disciplines. This article focuses on commonly used testing and characterization methods: metallography, image analysis, hardness, tensile adhesion testing, corrosion testing, x-ray diffraction, non-destructive testing, and powder characterization. It provides information on how the materials themselves respond to the various test methods. The article focuses on the test methods themselves, including those test parameters that can be varied and the influence of each on the results obtained.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005588
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... a mathematical tool for thermal data analysis, design iterations, or the systematic investigation of the thermal characteristics of any welding parameters. Exact comparisons with experimental measurements may not be feasible, unless some calibration through the experimental verification procedure is conducted...
Abstract
The finished product, after fusion welding, may contain physical discontinuities due to excessively rapid solidification, adverse microstructures due to inappropriate cooling, or residual stress and distortion due to the existence of incompatible plastic strains. To analyze these problems, this article presents an analysis of the welding heat flow, with focus on the fusion welding process. It discusses the analytical heat-flow solutions and their practical applications. The article concludes with a description of the effects of material property and welding condition on the temperature distribution of weldments.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005552
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... is converted into the thermal energy of atoms in the workpiece. The rate of heating is, in fact, so rapid that the generated heat does not have a chance to conduct very far away. As a result, the temperature of the material at the point of impingement rises extraordinarily rapidly to the melting point...
Abstract
This article overviews the classification of welding processes and the key process embodiments for joining by various fusion welding processes: fusion welding with chemical sources for heating; fusion welding with electrical energy sources, such as arc welding or resistance welding; and fusion welding with directed energy sources, such as laser welding, electron beam welding. The article reviews the different types of nonfusion welding processes, regardless of the particular energy source, which is usually mechanical but can be chemical, and related subprocesses of brazing and soldering.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001333
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... comparisons with experimental measurements may not be feasible, unless some calibration through the experimental verification procedure is conducted. Welding Thermal Process A physical model of the welding system is shown in Fig. 1 . The welding heat source moves at a constant speed along a straight...
Abstract
During fusion welding, the thermal cycles produced by the moving heat source cause physical state changes, metallurgical phase transformation, and transient thermal stress and metal movement. This article presents an analysis of heat flow in the fusion welding process. The primary objective of welding heat flow modeling is to provide a mathematical tool for thermal data analysis, design iterations, or the systematic investigation of the thermal characteristics of any welding parameters. The article addresses analytical heat-flow solutions and their practical applications. It describes the effects of material property and welding condition on the temperature distribution of weldments. The thermal properties of selected engineering materials are provided in a table.
Book Chapter
Modeling of Casting and Solidification Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005501
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... in the liquid are the most sensitive to the accuracy of the input values used for density and thermal conductivity in the solid. Thermal conductivity in the liquid, specific heat, and density have similar levels of influence on solidification time; increasing their values increases the local solidification time...
Abstract
This article reviews the topic of computational thermodynamics and introduces the calculation of solidification paths for casting alloys. It discusses the calculation of thermophysical properties and the fundamentals of the modeling of solidification processes. The article describes several commonly used microstructure simulation methods and presents ductile iron casting as an example to demonstrate the ability of microstructure simulation. The predictions for the major defects of casting, such as porosity, hot tearing, and macrosegregation, are highlighted. Finally, several industry applications are presented.
Book Chapter
Fluidized-Bed Heat Treating Equipment
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005927
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... to the surface and exchanging energy with it ( Ref 4 , 6 ). For heating fluidized beds, solid particles release heat by thermal conduction at the part surface. As they transport to the bulk region of the hot bed, they gain heat again from other particles and gas. The particle circulation induced by bubbles...
Abstract
This article discusses the important characteristics of fluidized beds. The total space occupied by a fluidized bed can be divided into three zones: grid zone, main zone, and above-bed zone. The article discusses the various types of atmospheres of fluidized beds, such as oxidizing and decarburizing atmosphere; nitrocarburizing and nitriding atmosphere; carburizing and carbonitriding atmosphere; and chemical vapor deposition atmosphere. External resistance heating, external combustion heating, internal resistance heating, direct resistance heating, submerged combustion heating, and internal combustion heating can be used to achieve the heat input for a fluidized bed. The article also describes the operations, design considerations, and applications of fluidized-bed furnaces in heat treating. Thermochemical surface treatments, such as carburizing, carbonitriding, nitriding, and nitrocarburizing, are also discussed. Finally, the article reviews the principles and applications of fluidized-bed heat treatment.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4F
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v4F.a0006997
EISBN: 978-1-62708-450-5
... energy is transported between the parts of a continuum by exchanging kinetic energy between particles or groups of particles at the atomic level. Thermal conduction in metals occurs, like electrical conduction, through the motion of free electrons. The transfer of thermal energy happens in the direction...
Abstract
This article presents the modes of heat transfer and the stages of cooling during quenching. It provides an overview on the wetting process and then focuses on the evaluation of heat transfer during quenching. It also presents the challenges of thermal process evaluation based on an inverse heat conduction analysis. The article contains a compilation of best practice examples on heat transfer evaluation, which are intended to represent the practical aspects and applicability of the methods aiming the prediction of heat-transfer coefficients.
Book Chapter
Industrial Applications of Analytics and Modeling for Carburizing and Quenching Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4F
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v4F.a0007017
EISBN: 978-1-62708-450-5
... form factor; Kn is the Kondratjev number; a is the thermal diffusivity; R is axle cylinder radius; S and V are the surface area and volume of the axle; α is the heat-transfer coefficient; and λ is the thermal conductivity. Estimated Ms temperature, austenitizing temperature, and thermal...
Abstract
Mathematical models have been used for over five decades in industrial heat-treating operations. Most of these modeling efforts have emanated from academia or research institutes, with the primary approach of mathematically capturing heat-treating processes and validating quality predictions. In this article, a contrarian but more realistic scenario is considered, where two industrial problem descriptions become the starting point. The technical complexity of the industry problem has been elaborated for a deeper understanding of the issue along with elaboration of the approach and potential methods for determining a solution. Then, quantitative analyses of practical industrial problems are demonstrated. Finally, the potential shift in these approaches with the advent of Industry 4.0 is outlined.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002453
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... heat flux per unit area; no failure under Δp λσ f Maximum heat flux per unit mass; no failure under Δp λσ f /ρ (a) λ = thermal conductivity; a = thermal diffusivity; C p = specific heat capacity; C m = material cost/kg; T max = maximum service temperature; α = thermal expansion...
Abstract
This article defines performance indices in a formal way and specifies how they are derived. The performance indices for a light, strong tie and a light, stiff beam are presented. The article presents two case studies that illustrate the use of material indices, shape factors, and selection charts to select materials.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002454
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... conductivity, high was desirable), tooling costs (bend force index, low was desirable), and springback (index, low was desirable). Medium-priority criteria were the time to steady-state conduction (thermal diffusivity, high was desirable) and the ability to carry a static load (static load index, high...
Abstract
In materials selection, a decision matrix method refers to any formalized procedure by which materials are ranked prior to a selection decision. This article describes the advantages and limitations of decision matrix methods, as well as the steps involved, with examples. The methods include the Pugh method, the Dominic method, and the Pahl and Beitz method. The article discusses the three important concepts in decision making: alternatives (candidate materials), criteria (objectives), and weighting factors.
Book Chapter
Synthesis and Processing of Cast Metal-Matrix Composites and Their Applications
Available to PurchaseBook: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005339
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... conductivity of the composite and the lower the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), the higher will be its resistance to mechanical and thermal distortion. Figure 15 shows the materials selection chart for resistance to mechanical and thermal distortions ( Ref 27 ). It is erved that the closer a material...
Abstract
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) can be synthesized by vapor phase, liquid phase, or solid phase processes. This article emphasizes the liquid phase processing where solid reinforcements are incorporated in the molten metal or alloy melt that is allowed to solidify to form a composite. It illustrates the three broad categories of MMCs depending on the aspect ratio of the reinforcing phase. The categories include continuous fiber-reinforced composites, discontinuous or short fiber-reinforced composites, and particle-reinforced composites. The article discusses the two main classes of solidification processing of composites, namely, stir casting and melt infiltration. It describes the effects of reinforcement present in the liquid alloy on solidification. The article examines the automotive, space, and electronic packaging applications of MMCs. It concludes with information on the development of select cast MMCs.
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