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tension-compression fatigue loading
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Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003382
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... failure of joints. This article presents an introductory discussion on the fatigue damage process, methodologies assessing fatigue behavior, and life prediction models. It describes the damage mechanisms introduced for a quasi-isotropic laminate under tension-compression fatigue loading. Delamination...
Abstract
In the design of composite structures for durability and damage tolerance, the primary concerns are out-of-plane failures, such as delamination, material degradation associated with environment, stability under compression loading, large degree of scatter in fatigue life, and bearing failure of joints. This article presents an introductory discussion on the fatigue damage process, methodologies assessing fatigue behavior, and life prediction models. It describes the damage mechanisms introduced for a quasi-isotropic laminate under tension-compression fatigue loading. Delamination is a critical issue in fatigue and generally results from high interlaminar normal and shear stresses. The article schematically illustrates the structural elements in which high interlaminar stresses are common. It concludes with a discussion on the classification of fatigue models such as mechanistic or phenomenological, for composite materials under cyclic loading.
Book Chapter
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002417
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... ceramics, and ceramic composites under cyclic compression. The cyclic damage zones ahead of tensile fatigue cracks, crack propagation under cyclic tension or tension-compression loads, and elevated-temperature fatigue crack growth in monotonic and composite ceramics, are discussed. The article presents...
Abstract
This article summarizes the understanding of the mechanisms and mechanical effects of fatigue processes in highly brittle materials, with particular emphasis on ceramics. It provides a discussion on room-temperature fatigue crack growth in monolithic ceramics, transformation-toughened ceramics, and ceramic composites under cyclic compression. The cyclic damage zones ahead of tensile fatigue cracks, crack propagation under cyclic tension or tension-compression loads, and elevated-temperature fatigue crack growth in monotonic and composite ceramics, are discussed. The article presents ceramic fatigue data for fatigue crack growth testing and concludes with a discussion on life prediction for ceramics or ceramic-matrix composites.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003320
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... and tension-compression can be loaded independently in phase or out of phase. Figure 5 shows a biaxial fatigue testing machine of this type. Figure 6 shows the extensometer used to measure axial and angular displacement. A cylindrical specimen ( Fig. 7 ) is the standard geometry for this type of testing...
Abstract
The main objective for the study of combined-stress fatigue is to obtain fatigue data for axles and to find the criterion for fatigue limit under combined stress. This article begins with a description of the stress states of combined stress and stress fields near crack tips. It provides an account of the various biaxial and multiaxial fatigue testing methods, specimen geometries, and stress intensity factors important in the study multiaxial fatigue. Widely used test methods are the torsion-rotating bending fatigue test and biaxial and triaxial fatigue tests. Common specimen geometries include rectangular plate specimens, cruciform specimens, compact tension shear specimens, compact shear specimens, mode II crack growth specimen, circumferentially notched cylindrical specimens, tubular specimens containing a slit, and solid cylindrical specimens containing a small hole or initial crack.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003466
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... moisture conditioning. Loading on the specimens was conducted using a variety of test specimens and load conditions. Mode I tension and tension fatigue failures were obtained using double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens; mode II shear and shear fatigue failures were obtained using end-notched flexural...
Abstract
This article illustrates typical fractographic features for a number of different composite materials. It describes the differences in fracture characteristics due to different loading, material processing, and environmental conditions. The article presents fractographic data obtained from epoxy matrix materials. Minimal fractographic data from other brittle thermoset resin systems are also presented. The article discusses the interlaminar fracture of composites with ductile thermoplastic matrices. It also provides information on the translaminar fracture features of the composite materials.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003444
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... by Shear Loading In-plane compression D 3479/D 3479M Tension-Tension Fatigue of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials Tension-tension fatigue D 4255 Testing Inplane Shear Properties of Composite Laminates In-plane shear D 5379/D 5379M Shear Properties of Composite Materials by the V-Notched...
Abstract
This article explores why structural element and subcomponent testing are conducted. It discusses the different types of failure modes in composites, and provides information on the testing methodology, fixturing, instrumentation, and data reporting. The article reviews various standard elements used to characterize composite materials for the various failure modes. Simple structural-element testing under in-plane unidirectional, multidirectional, and combined loading, as well as out-of-plane loading are discussed. Simple bolted and bonded joints, as well as data correlation are reviewed with analytical predictions. The article also provides a list of the ASTM testing standards applicable at the element level of testing for both polymer-matrix composites and metal-matrix composites. It concludes with a discussion on durability and damage tolerance testing.
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006873
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... ) and shear stresses (τ) in a cylindrical component (e.g., a shaft) of constant cross section under tension, torsion, and compression loading. The fracture-surface orientation for ductile and brittle fractures under the various loading conditions is also shown in Fig. 5 . Fig. 5 Free-body diagrams...
Abstract
This article provides practical guidance for interpreting macroscale fracture appearances. It focuses on metallic fracture features. The article covers the important distinctions between ductile and brittle fracture and the influence of the type of loading on the facture-surface orientation. It discusses both ductile fracture and brittle fracture macroscale features. Finally, it delves into fracture-initiation sites and metal-processing effects on fracture appearance, including castings, powder metals, additive manufacturing, and surface treatments.
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0007028
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... the overload or fast fracture portion of the sample, where microvoid coalescence was observed. Fatigue Fracture and Crack Arrest from High Compressive Bending Loads As previously mentioned, Nitinol may be more susceptible to damage from high compressive strains/stresses than other materials with more...
Abstract
This article focuses on the fractography of Nitinol, a shape memory alloy of nickel and titanium, in superelastic biomedical applications, which primarily comprise drawn and/or laser-cut wire and tube components. Overload fracture, hydrogen embrittlement fracture, and fatigue fracture are discussed in detail.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003330
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
.... The fundamental description of the engineering properties for a lamina under tension, compression, and shear loading is given in terms of the lamina coordinate system shown in Fig. 1 . The strength and stiffness properties are defined in Table 1 . If the material is transversely isotropic, then the indicated...
Abstract
This article begins with a review of the purposes of mechanical characterization tests and the general considerations related to the mechanical properties of anisotropic systems, specimen fabrication, equipment and fixturing, environmental conditioning, and analysis of test results. It provides information on the specimen preparation, instrumentation, and procedures for various mechanical test methods of fiber-reinforced composites. These include the compression test, flexure test, shear test, open hole tension test, and compression after impact test. The article describes three distinct fracture modes, namely, crack opening mode, shearing mode, and tearing mode. It presents an overview of fatigue testing and fatigue damage mechanisms of composite materials and reviews the types of mechanical measurements that can be made during the course of testing to assess fatigue damage. The article concludes with a discussion on the split-Hopkinson pressure bar test.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003443
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... by Shear Loading D 3479 Standard Test Method for Tension-Tension Fatigue of Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials D 3518/D 3518M Standard Practice for In-Plane Shear Response of Polymer-Matrix Composite Materials by Tensile Test of a ±45° Laminate D 3846 Test Method for In-Plane Shear Strength...
Abstract
This article provides the general mechanical testing guidelines for the characterization of lamina and laminate properties. Guidelines are provided for tensile property, compressive property, shear property, flexure property, fracture toughness, and fatigue property test methods. The article also tabulates selected standards for lamina and laminate mechanical testing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003046
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... with respect to the applicability of the repair techniques in question. This program has evaluated the environmental effects of oil, fuel, paint stripper, and absorbed moisture; the service conditions of tension and compression loads, prior fatigue history, and service temperature; processing variables...
Abstract
Relatively limited effort has gone into developing repair processes and materials for composites, in contrast to the significant labor and expense that has gone into the development of these materials for numerous critical applications. As composites gain wider acceptance as aerospace materials, there is a need to understand the requirements of the end users regarding repair of these advanced materials. This article focuses on the repair of graphite-epoxy structures designed in a variety of forms for a wide range of load intensities. Five repair concepts developed for generic laminate repair have been validated in this article through the required environmental and load condition tests. These include bonded-scarf joint flush repair, double-scarf joint flush repair, blind-side banded-scarf repair, blind-side sandwich repair, and bonded external patch repair. A brief note on thermoplastic repair concepts is also provided in this article.
Book Chapter
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002415
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... fatigue region. This indicates that the S-N behavior of the composite is independent of the type of fatigue loading (that is, tension-tension, tension-compression, or compression-compression) as long as the tensile and compressive strengths are equal. In tension-compression fatigue, the fatigue failure...
Abstract
Knowledge of fatigue behavior at the laminate level is essential for understanding the fatigue life of a laminated composite structure. This article describes fatigue failure of composite laminates in terms of layer cracking, delamination, and fiber break and interface debonding. It discusses the fatigue behavior of composite laminates in the form of a relation between applied maximum fatigue stress and fatigue life. The article explains Weibull distribution and parameters estimation for fatigue data analysis and life prediction of composite laminates. It analyzes the fatigue properties and damage tolerance of fiber-metal laminates such as ARALL and GLARE laminates. The article concludes with a discussion on the effects of fatigue on notched and unnotched specimens.
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002368
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... of rivets. In a bolted joint of proper design it is possible to carry the shear load by friction. Fig. 3 Fatigue life of riveted joints with different tension-shear-bearing ratios. Source: Ref 9 Threaded Fasteners in Tension Thread design and clamping forces are two key factors affecting...
Abstract
This article discusses the effect of thread design, preload, tightening, and mean stress on the fatigue strength of bolt steel. It describes the factors influencing fatigue failures in cold-driven and hot-driven riveted joints. The factors affecting the fatigue resistance of bolted friction joints are also discussed. The article reviews stress concentrations in pin joints and discusses stress-intensity factors for mechanically fastened joints.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006486
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
... bridges and others for pressure piping. While the strength of components does not vary by application, the types of structural components used, the loads to which they are typically subjected, and the safety margins do, and the specifications reflect this. For example, bridge design codes address fatigue...
Abstract
Aluminum wrought products, castings, welds, and fasteners are used in many structural applications where they are required to safely support a load. It is useful to design aluminum structural components with its structural properties in mind from conceptualization rather than attempting to mimic components of other materials. This article discusses design specifications, design requirements and methods, and material properties used in aluminum structural design. These properties include tensile yield strength and tensile ultimate strength, welding, and ductility. The article describes various factors that affect the strength of two categories of aluminum structural components, namely members and connections. Design requirements for aluminum bolts, rivets, screws, and pins are provided. The article concludes with a discussion on the considerations for serviceability, namely deflections and vibrations.
Image
Published: 01 January 1996
Fig. 13 Influence of welding residual stress on fatigue. (a) Effect of applied stress ratio on as-welded joints. (b) Effect of stress relief as a function of tensile load cycle. All specimens stress relieved. (c) Effect of stress relief as a function of tension-compression load cycle. All
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.9781627082105
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003257
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
..., tensile, compressive, hardness, torsion and bend, shear load, shock, and fatigue and creep testings. It describes the design criteria for combined properties derived from each of the mechanical testing. The article concludes with a discussion on the effect of environment on the mechanical properties...
Abstract
An integral aspect of designing and material selection is the use of mechanical properties derived from various mechanical testing. This article introduces the basic concepts of mechanical design and its relation with the properties derived from various mechanical testings, namely, tensile, compressive, hardness, torsion and bend, shear load, shock, and fatigue and creep testings. It describes the design criteria for combined properties derived from each of the mechanical testing. The article concludes with a discussion on the effect of environment on the mechanical properties.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003259
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... and drive the moveable crosshead up or down. This motion can load the specimen in either tension or compression, depending on how the specimen is to be held and tested. Fig. 2 Components of an electromechanical (screw-driven) testing machine. For the configuration shown, moving the lower...
Abstract
The article provides an overview of the various types of testing machines: gear-driven or screw-driven machines and servohydraulic machines. It examines force application systems, force measurement, and strain measurement. The article discusses important instrument considerations and describes gripping techniques of test specimens. It analyzes test diagnostics and reviews the use of computers for gathering and reducing data. Emphasis is placed on universal testing machines with separate discussions of equipment factors for tensile testing and compressing testing. The influence of the machine stiffness on the test results is also described, along with a general assessment of test accuracy, precision, and repeatability of modern equipment.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003321
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
.... It changes the creep properties by only a small degree because the principal effect is in the initial stage of creep deformation. Properties and Design for Static Loads Tension and compression testing are common test methods as described in detail in the articles “Uniaxial Tension Testing...
Abstract
This article describes the tests for the common types of fabricated components and modeling of metal deformation. It provides an overview of component testing and briefly reviews the relationship of mechanical properties in the process of mechanical design for static loads, cyclic loads, dynamic loads, and high-temperature materials. The article describes the general properties related to monotonic stress-strain behavior of steels. It also discusses materials properties and operating stresses as well as other factors, such as part shape and environmental effects, which play significant roles in the design process of components.
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006878
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... “cleaner” fibers than under static loading. It has been demonstrated ( Ref 76 ) that intralaminar crack development is more rapid under fully reversed (i.e., tension-compression) than tension-tension loading. Intralaminar fracture surfaces produced under static and fatigue shear loading broadly reveal...
Abstract
This article presents the failure of polymer-matrix composites and the methodology for fractography. It provides a detailed discussion on the types of translaminar, interlaminar, and intralaminar failures. The article also presents a discussion on the types of fatigue failures, and the influence of composite architecture. It provides details of the fractography associated with defects and damage.
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002416
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
..., carbon/epoxy composites have “superb fatigue properties” compared to metals ( Ref 17 ). However, growth of impact damage during fatigue loading and the resulting reduction in compressive strength between inspections may be critical ( Ref 4 ). The ratio of maximum compressive fatigue stress to static...
Abstract
This article presents the damage tolerance criteria for military composite aircraft structures to safely operate the structures with initial defects or in-service damage. It describes the effects of defects, such as wrinkles in aircraft structures, and the reduction in compressive strength and tensile strength. The article reviews low velocity impacts in aircraft structures in terms of resin toughness, laminate thickness, specimen size and impactor mass, and post-impact fatigue. It explains the tension strength analysis, such as linear elastic fracture mechanics and R-curve methods, to predict the residual strength of the structures.
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