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Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006109
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... Abstract This article describes the methods for determining the flow rate of metal powders. It examines the factors affecting flow rate, apparent density, and angle of repose of metal powders. The article reviews the frictional properties, cohesive strength, frictional properties, tap density...
Abstract
This article describes the methods for determining the flow rate of metal powders. It examines the factors affecting flow rate, apparent density, and angle of repose of metal powders. The article reviews the frictional properties, cohesive strength, frictional properties, tap density, and compressibility of metal powders. It explains the mechanisms of powder segregation. The article provides information on green strength and springback value of rectangular test bar. It concludes with a discussion on the chemical composition of metal powders.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006074
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... shapes and their influence in determining tap density of the filled mold. It provides a discussion on process parameters, such as dwell time, depressurization rate, evaluation of green strength and density, and thermal processing, and illustrates a process flowchart for the production of CIP parts...
Abstract
This article describes the unique aspects of cold isostatic pressing (CIP) in comparison with die compaction, for powder metallurgy parts. It details the components of CIP equipment, including pressure vessels, pressure generators, and tooling material. The article reviews the part shapes and their influence in determining tap density of the filled mold. It provides a discussion on process parameters, such as dwell time, depressurization rate, evaluation of green strength and density, and thermal processing, and illustrates a process flowchart for the production of CIP parts.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006568
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... flow test, bulk/tap density, rheometer, and the revolving or rotating drum technique. The three categories of powder properties that are available from rheometer experiments are discussed: bulk, dynamic flow, and shear properties. The article also describes the basic principles and applications...
Abstract
Powder-bed additive manufacturing (AM) processes are some of the most commonly used techniques, necessitating the accurate measurement of powder flowability properties. This article discusses some powder flow tests that occur in powder-bed AM machines. These include the Hall/Carney flow test, bulk/tap density, rheometer, and the revolving or rotating drum technique. The three categories of powder properties that are available from rheometer experiments are discussed: bulk, dynamic flow, and shear properties. The article also describes the basic principles and applications of micro-X-ray computed tomography in studying powder porosity characteristics nondestructively.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006088
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... the particles Hausner has shown the change in apparent and tap densities with differently shaped particles ( Tables 1 and 2 ) and reported on tests made by Kothari ( Ref 6 ) reflecting the apparent and tapped densities as affected by powder particle size ( Tables 3 and 4 ). He also has described...
Abstract
Blending of powders is defined as the thorough intermingling of powders of the same nominal composition. Premixing is the preparation of a uniform mixture of two or more components. This article provides information on the blending and premixing variables required to produce adequate results in the powder mixture. It describes the effects of metal powder characteristics on blending and mixing: particle size, shape, density, and surface features. The article also provides information on the equipment, tumble-type blenders, and low-shear agitated-type blenders used for blending and premixing solids.
Image
in Material Aspects of Additively Manufactured Orthopedic Implants of Titanium Alloys
> Additive Manufacturing in Biomedical Applications
Published: 12 September 2022
Fig. 4 Relationship between powder properties, bulk powder behavior, powder performance in the process, and the quality of the parts. (1) Reproducibility, layer density, layer continuity, and layer homogeneity; (2) apparent density, tap density, Hausner ratio. EBM, electron beam melting; PSD
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006649
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
..., the density is not necessarily the same as that of the material which forms the particles. Four types of density can be used to describe the density of a powder: True density Particle density Apparent density (or bulk density) Tap density True density (or solid density) is defined...
Abstract
This article uses metal and alloy powders as examples to briefly discuss how to perform the characterization of powders. It begins by reviewing some of the techniques involved in the sampling of powders to ensure accurate characterization. This is followed by a discussion on the important properties to characterize powders, namely the particle size, surface area, density, porosity, particle hardness, compressibility, green strength, and flowability. For characterization of powders, both individual particles and bulk powders are used to evaluate their physical and chemical properties. The article also discusses the important characteristics and compositions of powder as well as impurities that directly affect powder properties. It ends with a description of the ignition and dust-explosion characteristics of organic and metal powders.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006056
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
.... Particle size and organic binder content influence powder properties such as bulk density and flowability. Tap density according to ASTM B527, “Standard Test Method for Determination of Tap Density of Metal Powders and Compounds,” ( Ref 1 ) quantifies the bulk density of a powder that has settled...
Abstract
Quality control of cemented carbides includes the evaluation of physical and chemical properties of constituent raw material powders, powder blends/formulations, green compacts, and fully dense finished product. This article provides a summary of the underlying principles and size ranges for the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard methods of particle sizing and distribution. It presents the methods used to analyze the chemical composition of cemented carbide materials in a tabular form. The article also presents information on microstructural evaluation and physical and mechanical property evaluation of cemented carbides.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006033
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
..., soils, and minerals, other relations are generally more successful. The typical initial and boundary conditions during compaction are as follows: Initial condition for the powder: Tap density Boundary conditions: Velocity prescribed in upper and bottom punches and friction condition...
Abstract
This article discusses continuum modeling, which is the most relevant approach in modeling grain growth, densification, and deformation during sintering. Continuum plasticity models are frequently used to describe the mechanical response of metal powders during compaction. The article illustrates the typical procedure for computer simulation for press and sinter process. It describes the procedure to obtain the material properties based on the generalized Shima-Oyane model. The article presents a wide variety of tests, accounting for data on the grain growth, densification, and distortion where these data help in the development of a constitutive model for sintering simulation. Finally, the article provides information on the simulation approaches used to optimize die compaction and sintering.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005502
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... powders has been the Shima-Oyane model, although for ceramics, soils, and minerals, other relations are generally more successful. The typical initial and boundary conditions during compaction are as follows: Initial condition for the powder: Tap density Boundary conditions: Velocity...
Abstract
This article presents the governing equations and methodologies to model the press and sinter powder metallurgy, including continuum, micromechanical, multiparticle, and molecular dynamics approaches. It describes the constitutive relation for compaction and sintering. The article discusses the experimental determination of material properties and simulation verification for compaction and sintering. It reviews the use of modeling and simulation of press and sinter powder metallurgy, including gravitational distorting in sintering, compaction optimization, sintering optimization, and coupled press and sinter optimization.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006042
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
.... Irregular-shaped metal powders do not fill volume efficiently; this can be observed quantitatively by measuring the tap density of a powder. A powder that has a tap density that is 50% of the theoretical density of a given alloy only fills 50% of the internal volume of a container. Thus, if such a powder...
Abstract
This article discusses metal powder processing via hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and HIP cladding when metal powders are being employed in the cladding process. It traces the history of the process and details the equipment, pressing cycle, and densification mechanisms for HIP. The article describes the available process routes for fabricating products using HIP and the steps involved in the production of a part via direct HIP of encapsulated gas-atomized spherical powder. It concludes with information on the microstructures of 316L stainless steel HIP powder metallurgy valve body and a list of the mechanical properties of several powder metallurgy alloys.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006058
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... anisotropy of physical and mechanical properties. Fine powder particle size is produced by air classification and recomminution of coarse particles. Powder is screened and blended to produce uniform powder prior to consolidation. Blocky powder morphology also increases tap density by a few percent...
Abstract
This article briefly describes the production of beryllium powder and beryllium/beryllium oxide metal-matrix powder. It discusses fully dense consolidation methods: vacuum hot pressing, hot isostatic pressing, and cold isostatic pressing. Secondary fabrication operations of beryllium and aluminum-beryllium alloys such as extrusion, rolling, welding, joining, and machining are discussed. The article discusses quality control and provides information on the structural, optical, and high-purity grades of beryllium.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002187
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... Abstract This article discusses various machining techniques of zinc alloy die castings. These include turning, boring, drilling, reaming, tapping, die threading, milling, and sawing. In addition, the article describes the factors that influence machinability of the zinc alloy die castings...
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006104
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
..., milling, drilling, tapping, and grinding. The basic guideline is to start with cutting conditions for wrought and cast parts and tailor them for the application. The recommendation applies in particular to lower-density parts. High-density parts (>92% of theoretical density) often machine like wrought...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on the machining guidelines that serve to improve the machinability of powder metallurgy materials. It provides a description of various cutting tool grades and tool-edge design and describes the machining conditions for common operations, namely, turning, drilling, tapping, grinding, and finishing. The article introduces a few overlooked details that can heavily influence the performance and success of the machining process. These include dwell, margin design on round tools, and proper edge hone.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002190
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... Abstract This article describes various machining techniques of refractory metals, namely, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, and tungsten. These include turning, boring, trepanning, reaming, milling, tapping, drilling, and sawing. Parameters for the machining of the refractory metals are also...
Abstract
This article describes various machining techniques of refractory metals, namely, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, and tungsten. These include turning, boring, trepanning, reaming, milling, tapping, drilling, and sawing. Parameters for the machining of the refractory metals are also tabulated. In addition, the article provides information on cutting fluids and tools that are used in machining of the refractory metals as well as on the safety precautions to be followed in the machining process.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006573
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... ( Ref 41 ). Other studies by Dourandish et al. ( Ref 44 ) have observed the effects of processing parameters such as layer thickness, drying time, spread speed, and powder size on the printability and strength of green parts. The tap density and green part density of the coarse powder were similar (~53...
Abstract
Traditional processing methods for the part production of Co-Cr alloys include casting, powder metallurgy, and metal forming. However, the steps involved during materials processing followed by metal forming and machining are time consuming and fraught with processing variables. Three-dimensional (3D) printing enables rapid evolution in design, personalization, and so on. This article presents a brief description of some common additive manufacturing (AM) processes for the production of cobalt alloy parts, and provides a comparison between AM and conventional processing methods. The discussion is centered on process-microstructure-properties correlation in additively manufactured cobalt alloys and applications of these alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006907
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
... of Ti-6Al-4V, with a median diameter ( d 50 ) of 33.1 μm. However, compressibility, which is a flowability index calculated using bulk and tap density, showed the same value. Accordingly, the flowability of Zr-1Mo is closer to that of Ti-6Al-4V. Considering the calculated values of the properties...
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques include powder-bed fusion (PBF), directed-energy deposition, binder jetting (BJ), extrusion-based desktop, vat photopolymerization, material jetting, and sheet lamination. The development of suitable powders for AM is a challenging task because of critical design parameters including chemical composition, flowability of powders, and melt surface tension. This article explains the fabrication methods of metal and novel alloy powders for medical applications. The development of zirconium alloy powder for laser-PBF is introduced as a case study.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006884
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
... 0.836 0.496 Source: Ref 24 The difference in DCPD particle morphology also affected the tap density of the powder. Figure 5 illustrates this advantage from the viewpoint of the difference in powder filling properties. Because the petaloid particles are approximately spherical, they can...
Abstract
Calcium phosphates react to form more stable salts in aqueous solutions. This phenomenon has been applied to the solidification process for the dental and medical cement calcium phosphate cement, which consists of multiple phases of calcium phosphates and calcium salts; solidification occurs by the formation of hydroxyapatite. Dicalcium phosphate consists of crystal water along with anhydrous and dihydrate salts. This article summarizes research achievements regarding dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) production with controlled morphology and reactivity, including effects of an additive and of production conditions on precipitation. It also summarizes achievements made in the hybridization of nano-apatite onto DCPD particles.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005196
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
..., and lining push-out device used in induction furnaces are also reviewed. The article concludes with a discussion on batch operation and tap-and-charge operation, two distinct ways of operating a coreless induction furnace. induction furnaces electromagnetic stirring mechanical skimmers silica...
Abstract
This article describes the principles and classifications of induction furnaces. The classifications of induction furnaces are coreless and channel. The electromagnetic stirring action in these furnaces is reviewed. The article provides information on the various power supplies and water cooling systems for induction furnaces. Furnace operators can increase the power supply utilization by the use of mechanical skimmers. The article describes the various lining materials used in induction furnaces, namely, silica, alumina, and magnesia. The crucible wall scrapers, ramming mixes, and lining push-out device used in induction furnaces are also reviewed. The article concludes with a discussion on batch operation and tap-and-charge operation, two distinct ways of operating a coreless induction furnace.
Image
Published: 01 January 1994
(sp gr, 1.20), mL/L (fl oz/gal) 36 (4.7) 35 (4.7) 85% H 3 PO 4 (sp gr, 1.70), mL/L (fl oz/gal) 50 (6.7) 50 (6.7) NH 4 OH (sp gr, 0.90), mL/L (fl oz/gal) 220 (29) 220 (28) Water (c) bal bal Operating temperature, °C (°F) 88–91 (190–195) (d) 85 (185) (d) Current density
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Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... and boring, milling, drilling, grinding, reaming, burnishing, tapping, and honing and lapping. boring burnishing cutting tools drilling grinding honing joining lapping machining milling porosity powder metallurgy reaming tapping turning POWDER METALLURGY (P/M) is a near-net shape...
Abstract
Powder metallurgy is a near-net shape process capable of producing complex parts with little or no need for secondary operations such as machining, joining, or assembly. However, the inability to produce certain geometrical figures such as transverse holes, undercuts, and threads frequently necessitates some machining, particularly drilling. This article provides a discussion on the measures that can optimize the machining of P/M materials. It reviews the factors influencing machinability of P/M components, including workpiece and tool material properties, cutting conditions, machine and cutting tool parameters as well as some P/M material and production process parameters. These parameters discussed include the particle size, part geometry, porosity, compaction and sintering methods. In addition, the article presents guidelines for the various machining processes, namely, turning and boring, milling, drilling, grinding, reaming, burnishing, tapping, and honing and lapping.
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