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tangential rolling
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Book Chapter
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002142
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... Abstract This article discusses the three characteristics that are important in evaluating and selecting metals for thread rolling, namely, rollability, flaking, and seaming. It reviews the capabilities and limitations of flat-die rolling, radial-infeed rolling, tangential rolling, through-feed...
Abstract
This article discusses the three characteristics that are important in evaluating and selecting metals for thread rolling, namely, rollability, flaking, and seaming. It reviews the capabilities and limitations of flat-die rolling, radial-infeed rolling, tangential rolling, through-feed rolling, planetary thread rolling, continuous rolling, and internal thread rolling, as well as the rolling machines and dies used. The article describes the factors affecting die life and provides information on radial die load, seam formation, surface finish, and thread dimensions that are affected by the form of the thread. It explains the reasons for using fluids in thread rolling. The article concludes with a comparison of rolling with cutting and grinding.
Image
Published: 01 January 2005
Image
Published: 01 January 1989
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004012
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... Abstract Thread rolling is a cold-forming process for producing threads or other helical or annular forms by rolling the impression of hardened steel dies into the surface of a cylindrical or conical blank. Methods that use cylindrical dies are classified as radial infeed, tangential feed...
Abstract
Thread rolling is a cold-forming process for producing threads or other helical or annular forms by rolling the impression of hardened steel dies into the surface of a cylindrical or conical blank. Methods that use cylindrical dies are classified as radial infeed, tangential feed, through feed, planetary, and internal. This article focuses on the capabilities, limitations, and machines used for these methods. It describes the three characteristics, such as rollability, flaking, and seaming, used in evaluating and selecting metals for thread rolling. The article explores the factors affecting die life and explains the effect of thread form on processing. It provides information on various fluids used in thread rolling to cool the dies and the work and to improve the finish on the rolled products. The article provides a comparison between thread rolling and cutting, as well as between thread rolling and grinding.
Image
Published: 01 January 1996
of a point contact. At different depths below the contact surface, the variation of shear stresses will be similar, but of different magnitude for pure rolling. When sliding is superimposed with the rolling, the tangential friction forces at the surface modify the range of shear stresses from the pure
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Image
Published: 01 January 1996
Fig. 2 Variations in maximum shear stress as a function of depth for three different friction coefficients; (a) μ ≈ 0, (b) 0 ≤ μ ≤ 0.11, and (c) μ ≥ 0.11. This figure is for static loading, but the range of shear stress versus depth is also at or very near the surface for tangential forces
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Image
in Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers for Nondestructive Evaluation
> Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 12 Magnetic field dependence of the amplitude of the first antisymmetric Lamb mode generated by a tangential field meander coil electromagnetic acoustic transducer in steel (a hot rolled iron plate). The solid broken line is a theoretical prediction based on the measured magnetostrictive
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Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002401
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
..., the tangential friction forces at the surface modify the range of shear stresses from the pure rolling situation at any given location at and below the surface. If normal forces act alone, that is the friction coefficient is zero, the stresses would be ( Ref 6 ): σ 1 m a x = − p o...
Abstract
The mechanism of contact fatigue can be understood in terms of several sources of stress concentration, or stress raisers, within the macroscopic Hertzian stress field. This article focuses primarily on rolling contact fatigue of hardened bearing steels. It discusses Hertzian shear stresses at and below the contact surfaces and briefly summarizes bearings and gear characteristics. The article provides an overview of the key types of gear and bearing steels. It analyzes two types of macropitting that result from the subsurface growth of fatigue cracks, namely, subsurface-origin macropitting and surface-origin macropitting. The article describes the factors influencing contact fatigue life of hardened steel bearings and gears, including hardness, inclusions, carbides, and residual stresses.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004014
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... compressive radial force versus axial force), will combat the wave action of the preform. Another option is to change the contact area of this roller, which changes the tangential force. Process parameters change depending on the material being rolled. Large diameter rollers with a large contact area...
Abstract
A wide range of flow-formed open- and close-ended shapes are currently available in a variety of difficult-to-form materials, including titanium alloys and nickel-base super alloys. This article describes the two basic methods of flow forming that are characterized by the position of the rolls during the forming process. The flow forming methods include staggered-roll flow forming process and in-line flow-forming process. Typical mechanical properties of flow-formed materials in various conditions are summarized in a table. Proper process controls and subsequent product qualification tests are critical to assure optimal performance of the flow-formed tubular component. The article discusses the most commonly required process control parameters and the effects of forming speed and temperature in the flow forming process.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003279
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... developed them have come from different backgrounds with different experiences with wear. No one scheme is universally accepted, but most systems have similar features. For example, mechanical wear can be classified by the type of relative motion: (a) tangential motion (sliding), (b) impact, and (c) rolling...
Abstract
This article discusses the tests designed specifically to evaluate the adhesion, friction, and wear behavior of various material systems. It tabulates the characteristics of common types of wear and mechanical surface damage. The article also considers the displaying and analyzing of adhesion, friction, and wear test data. It concludes with a description of devices used for testing adhesion, friction, and wear.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002150
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... multiplied by wheel speed and a constant, determines the power used by the operation. The tangential and normal forces are related by a coefficient of friction; therefore, in production grinding, in which the normal force is almost never known (without a dynamometer of some type), the tangential force can...
Abstract
This article discusses the principles of grinding process. It illustrates a typical wheel-work characteristic chart relating surface finish, wheel wear rate, metal removal rate, and power to the normal force. The article also reviews the effect of variations in work material, wheel specification, wheel speed, coolant, and grinding wheel-work conformity on the slopes of the wheel-work characteristic chart.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006397
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... (that is, rolling in the absence of an imposed tangential force) is made up of three components ( Ref 33 ): Those arising from microslip and friction at the interface Those due to anelastic properties of the materials Those due to surface roughness Microslip at the Interface Microslip...
Abstract
This article begins with the basic concept of friction and with the general approaches that can be used to control or minimize it. It focuses on the factors influencing rolling friction: surface topography, composition, subsurface microstructure, and lubrication conditions. The article reviews the microscopic mechanisms generating friction. It concludes by discussing the three components of rolling friction: microslip at the interface, anelastic hyteresis losses, and surface roughness.
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002373
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... , where B is the minor axis length of the contact ellipse and the usual direction of rolling motion. Note in Fig. 8 that the maximum shear stress depth is about the same as the dimension of B. However, with increased traction or tangential force, the maximum shear stress moves closer to the surface...
Abstract
Contact fatigue is a surface-pitting-type failure commonly found in ball or roller bearings. This article discusses the mechanisms of contact fatigue found in gears, cams, valves, rails, and gear couplings. It discusses the statistical analysis of rolling contact bearing-life tests. The article concludes with information on various approaches that improve the contact fatigue resistance of rolling contact systems.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006721
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
..., Elongation (a) , % MPa ksi MPa ksi Die forgings, T6 Axis parallel to grain flow 303 44 255 37 14 (coupon) 10 (forging) Axis not parallel to grain flow 303 44 255 37 6 (forging) Rolled rings, T6 and T652 Tangential 303 44 255 37 5 Axial 303 44 241 35 4...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003262
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... on unsymmetrical loading of straight beams can be found in Ref 2 . In a majority of testing applications such as three-point bending, roll bending, and press-brake forming, the applied bending moment varies along the length of the specimen. Because shear force V = ( dM / dx ), such variations in the bending...
Abstract
A characteristic feature of bending is the inhomogeneous (nonuniform) nature of the deformation. Therefore, in a bent specimen, the strain and stress at a given point are dependent on the location of the point with respect to the neutral axis of the cross-sectional area of the specimen. This article discusses the stress-strain relationships, strain curvature, and stress-moment equations for elastic, noncylindrical, elastic-plastic, and pure plastic bending conditions. It also reviews the distribution of residual stress and springback.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005408
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... VPSC steps until stable values for σ t and thereby σ r are achieved. Equation 10 is expressed in the frame defined by radial direction ( r ), tangential direction ( t ), and through-thickness direction ( z ). This frame is related to the standard rolling frame {RD, TD, ND}through a rotation...
Abstract
This article explores the potential of through-process simulations of the development of microstructure, texture, and resulting properties during the thermomechanical processing of Al-Mn-Mg alloys, starting from the as-cast ingot to final-gage sheet. It provides an introduction of the thermomechanical production of aluminum sheet and, in particular, highlights the main effects governing the evolution of microstructure and texture. The simulation tools used to model the evolution of microchemistry, microstructure, and texture upon deformation and recrystallization of aluminum alloys are described. The article discusses the recrystallization behavior of alloy AA 3104 during the interstand times in between two consecutive hot rolling passes with the help of combined microstructure models.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006403
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... and its quantity value. Depending on the kinematic conditions (i.e., sliding, rolling, spinning, or impact), the frictional force can be tangential ( F T ) that resists sliding or a frictional torque that resists rolling or spinning. The most commonly used friction law in sliding motion...
Abstract
Tribology is the science and technology of interacting surfaces in relative motion. This article describes in detail the basic structural, operational, and interaction parameters of a tribosystem. The interaction parameters, which characterize the action of the operational parameters on the structural components in the system, consist of three important aspects: contact parameters, friction parameters, and wear parameters. These three aspects embody the complex mechanisms and relationships between the constituents of a tribosystem. The article concludes with information on the selection criteria of a material for wear applications.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003562
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... to fretting wear. fretting wear impact fretting mechanical components normal load residual stress rolling-element bearings slip surface finish vibration frequency FRETTING is a wear phenomenon that occurs between two mating surfaces; initially, it is adhesive in nature, and vibration...
Abstract
This article reviews the general characteristics of fretting wear in mechanical components with an emphasis on steel. It focuses on the effects of physical variables and the environment on fretting wear. The variables include the amplitude of slip, normal load, frequency of vibration, type of contact and vibration, impact fretting, surface finish, and residual stresses. The form, composition, and role of the debris are briefly discussed. The article also describes the measurement, mechanism, and prevention of fretting wear. It concludes with several examples of failures related to fretting wear.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005161
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... is done in various types of operations and machines such as press brakes or four-slide machines. Plates and sections are often bent in three-roll benders into complete circles. Roll forming is another type of bending operation that allows mass production of two-dimensional corrugated sheet, architectural...
Abstract
Bending is a common metalworking operation to create localized deformation in sheets (or blanks), plates, sections, tubes, and wires. This article emphasizes on the bending of sheet metal along with some coverage on flanging. It informs that variations in the bending stresses cause springback after bending, and discusses the variables and their effects on springback, as well as the methods to overcome or counteract them. These methods include overbending, bottoming or setting, and stretch bending. The article provides information on elastic bending, non-cylindrical bending, elastic-plastic bending, and pure plastic bending. Sheet metal bendability is a critical factor in many forming operations. The article illustrates the derivation of two relevant bend-ductility equations.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006596
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
... transverse 400 58 340 49 1 175–200 mm (7.001–8.000 in.) thick Longitudinal, long transverse 405 59 350 51 2–6 Short transverse 395 57 330 48 1 Rolled rings, T6, T652 ≤63 mm (≤2.500 in.) thick Tangential 450 65 380 55 7 Axial 425 62 380 55 3 Radial 415 60 360...
Abstract
This datasheet provides information on key alloy metallurgy, fabrication characteristics, mill-product specifications, processing effects on physical properties, and applications of high-strength alloy 2014. It contains tables that list values of tensile property limits for alloy 2014 flat product, rod, wire, bar, extrusions, and forgings.
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