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Toru (Tohru) Arai
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Book Chapter
Induction Surface Hardening of Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005761
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... in a workpiece is explained, with emphasis on the skin effect. The article discusses typical procedures for induction hardening of steel, namely, austenitizing and quenching to form martensite either on the surface (case hardening) or through the entire section (through hardening). It briefly describes induction...
Abstract
This article commences with a description of the principles of induction heating followed by a discussion on the high temperature electrical, magnetic, and thermal properties of steel, which influence the performance of induction heaters. The importance of eddy current distribution in a workpiece is explained, with emphasis on the skin effect. The article discusses typical procedures for induction hardening of steel, namely, austenitizing and quenching to form martensite either on the surface (case hardening) or through the entire section (through hardening). It briefly describes induction heating parameters for surface hardening, through hardening, tempering, and some general heating operations in metalworking.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Surface Hardening of Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005771
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... Abstract Surface hardening improves the wear resistance of steel parts. This article focuses exclusively on the methods that involve surface and subsurface modification without any intentional buildup or increase in part dimensions. These include diffusion methods, such as carburizing...
Abstract
Surface hardening improves the wear resistance of steel parts. This article focuses exclusively on the methods that involve surface and subsurface modification without any intentional buildup or increase in part dimensions. These include diffusion methods, such as carburizing, nitriding, carbonitriding, and austenitic and ferritic nitrocarburizing, as well as selective-hardening methods, such as laser transformation hardening, electron beam hardening, ion implantation, selective carburizing, and surface hardening with arc lamps. The article also discusses the factors affecting the choice of these surface-hardening methods.
Book Chapter
Thermoreactive Deposition/Diffusion Process for Surface Hardening of Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005773
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... carbide coating, and low-temperature salt bath nitride coating. carbides coating fluidized-beds hardening nitrides nucleation salt baths steel surface hardening Introduction The thermoreactive deposition and diffusion (TRD) process is a heat-treatment-based method to form coatings...
Abstract
The thermoreactive deposition and diffusion process is a heat-treatment-based method to form coatings with compacted layers of carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides, onto some carbon/nitrogen-containing materials, including steels. The amount of active carbide forming elements/nitride forming elements, coating temperatures and time, and thickness of substrates influence the growth rate of coatings. This article lists carbide and nitride coatings that are formed on carbon/nitrogen-containing metallic materials, and describes the coating process and mechanism of coating reagents. It details the growth process and nucleation process of carbide and nitride coatings formed on the metal surface. The article discusses the advantages, disadvantages, and characteristics of the various coating processes, including high-temperature salt bath carbide coating, high-temperature fluidized-bed carbide coating, and low-temperature salt bath nitride coating.
Image
Induction surface-hardened steel shaft fractured by bending overload. The b...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2024
Fig. 15 Induction surface-hardened steel shaft fractured by bending overload. The bending force placed the left side in tension. The curvature of this brittle fracture is termed compression curl and is common in brittle bending fractures.
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Book Chapter
Low-Temperature Surface Hardening of Stainless Steel
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005959
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
... Abstract Low-temperature surface hardening is mostly applied to austenitic stainless steels when a combination of excellent corrosion performance and wear performance is required. This article provides a brief history of low-temperature surface hardening of stainless steel, followed...
Abstract
Low-temperature surface hardening is mostly applied to austenitic stainless steels when a combination of excellent corrosion performance and wear performance is required. This article provides a brief history of low-temperature surface hardening of stainless steel, followed by a discussion on physical metallurgy, including crystallographic identity, thermal stability and decomposition, nitrogen and carbon solubility in expanded austenite, and diffusion kinetics of interstitials. It provides a description of low-temperature nitriding and nitrocarburizing processes for primarily austenitic and, to a lesser extent, other types of stainless steels along with practical examples and industrial applications of these steels.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4F
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v4F.a0007015
EISBN: 978-1-62708-450-5
... Abstract This article examines residual stresses in quenched and surface-hardened steels by focusing on its theoretical background, formation mechanisms of residual stress, effects of tempering and cryogenic cooling on residual stress, effects of residual stress on the service performance...
Abstract
This article examines residual stresses in quenched and surface-hardened steels by focusing on its theoretical background, formation mechanisms of residual stress, effects of tempering and cryogenic cooling on residual stress, effects of residual stress on the service performance of components, and measurement, computation, and relaxation of residual stress.
Image
Published: 01 January 1990
Image
Circular spall on the surface of a forged, hardened alloy steel mill roll. ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1987
Fig. 57 Circular spall on the surface of a forged, hardened alloy steel mill roll. The arrow indicates the fracture origin. Note the fatigue marks showing the growth away from the origin, followed by brittle fracture. 0.68×
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Image
Fatigue-fracture surface of a case-hardened AISI 1039 steel shaft. Case har...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1987
Fig. 201 Fatigue-fracture surface of a case-hardened AISI 1039 steel shaft. Case hardness, 50 HRC; core, 19 HRC. Note that fracture of the case was nearly complete before the fatigue cracks penetrated into the core. 2×
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Image
Fracture surface of a carburized and hardened steel roller. As a result of ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 6 Fracture surface of a carburized and hardened steel roller. As a result of banded alloy segregation, circumferential fatigue fracture initiated at a subsurface origin near the case-core interface (arrow).
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Image
Fracture surface of a hardened steel connecting rod. Arrows indicate large ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 36 Fracture surface of a hardened steel connecting rod. Arrows indicate large inclusions. Fatigue cracking initiated from the middle inclusion.
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Image
Fracture surface of a hardened steel valve spring that failed in torsional ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 37 Fracture surface of a hardened steel valve spring that failed in torsional fatigue. Arrow indicates fracture origin at a subsurface nonmetallic inclusion.
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Image
Fracture surface of a carburized-and-hardened steel roller. As a result of ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 38 Fracture surface of a carburized-and-hardened steel roller. As a result of banded alloy segregation, circumferential fatigue fracture initiated at a subsurface origin near the case/core interface (arrow).
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Image
Precipitate in a precipitation-hardened (PH) steel fracture surface, labele...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 7 Precipitate in a precipitation-hardened (PH) steel fracture surface, labeled as Spectrum 1, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy spectrum from the corresponding point showing nearby steel constituents (iron, chromium, nickel, and copper) that are detected. According to the quantitative
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Image
Fracture surface of a hardened - steel connecting rod. Arrows indicate larg...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 43 Fracture surface of a hardened - steel connecting rod. Arrows indicate large inclusions. Fatigue cracking initiated from the middle inclusion .
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Image
Fracture surface of a hardened - steel valve spring that failed in torsiona...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 44 Fracture surface of a hardened - steel valve spring that failed in torsional fatigue. Arrow indicates fracture origin at a subsurface nonmetallic inclusion .
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Image
Fracture surface of a carburized and hardened steel roller. As a result of ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 45 Fracture surface of a carburized and hardened steel roller. As a result of banded alloy segregation, circumferential fatigue fracture initiated at a subsurface origin near the case/core interface (arrow)
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Image
Fracture surface of a fully hardened A2 tool steel spindle that failed in a...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2024
Fig. 14 Fracture surface of a fully hardened A2 tool steel spindle that failed in a machining center crash. Failure occurred due to a single overload. The arc-shaped features are referred to as Wallner lines and are produced by the interaction of the crack tip and a shock wave or elastic wave
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Image
Fracture surface from an induction-hardened shaft of medium-carbon steel wi...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2024
Fig. 2 Fracture surface from an induction-hardened shaft of medium-carbon steel with shallow evidence of fatigue fracture at the outer rim, brittle fracture through the case, and fibrous fracture through the core. Source: Ref 8
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Image
Wear of combined chemical vapor deposition (CVD) TiN-coated + induction sur...
Available to PurchasePublished: 09 June 2014
Fig. 58 Wear of combined chemical vapor deposition (CVD) TiN-coated + induction surface-hardened steel D2 (10 kW, 18 s air, and nitrogen/oil). IH, induction heated. Source: Ref 51
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