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Book Chapter
Low-Temperature Surface Hardening of Stainless Steel
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005959
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
... Abstract Low-temperature surface hardening is mostly applied to austenitic stainless steels when a combination of excellent corrosion performance and wear performance is required. This article provides a brief history of low-temperature surface hardening of stainless steel, followed...
Abstract
Low-temperature surface hardening is mostly applied to austenitic stainless steels when a combination of excellent corrosion performance and wear performance is required. This article provides a brief history of low-temperature surface hardening of stainless steel, followed by a discussion on physical metallurgy, including crystallographic identity, thermal stability and decomposition, nitrogen and carbon solubility in expanded austenite, and diffusion kinetics of interstitials. It provides a description of low-temperature nitriding and nitrocarburizing processes for primarily austenitic and, to a lesser extent, other types of stainless steels along with practical examples and industrial applications of these steels.
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Estimated surface heat flux as a function of estimated surface temperature ...
Available to Purchase
in Characterization of Heat Transfer during Quenching
> Steel Heat Treating Fundamentals and Processes
Published: 01 August 2013
Fig. 18 Estimated surface heat flux as a function of estimated surface temperature using actual (TD) and equivalent (ED) thermocouple depths in solving the inverse heat-conduction problem for a thermocouple inserted parallel (0°) or perpendicular (90°) to the active heat-transfer surface
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Estimated surface heat flux as a function of estimated surface temperature ...
Available to Purchase
in Characterization of Heat Transfer during Quenching
> Steel Heat Treating Fundamentals and Processes
Published: 01 August 2013
Fig. 21 Estimated surface heat flux as a function of estimated surface temperature and estimated surface cooling curve during quenching of an AISI 1050 steel probe. Source: Ref 79 . Reprinted, with permission, from Materials Performance and Characterization , copyright ASTM International
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(a) Surface heat flux vs. surface temperature curve for CNT nanofluids; (b)...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 February 2024
Fig. 17 (a) Surface heat flux vs. surface temperature curve for CNT nanofluids; (b) effect of agitation rate on the surface heat flux vs. surface temperature curve for 0.5 wt% CNT nanofluid. Source: Ref 4
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Schematic illustration of oxide surface temperature cycle used for thermal ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2013
Fig. 15 Schematic illustration of oxide surface temperature cycle used for thermal fatigue testing of ZrO 2 -coated test buttons 1.27 mm (0.050 in.) thick, simulating a first-stage gas turbine outer airseal application. Source: Ref 6
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Schematic illustration of oxide surface temperature cycle used for thermal ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1994
Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of oxide surface temperature cycle used for thermal fatigue testing of ZrO 2 -coated test buttons 1.27 mm (0.050 in.) thick, simulating a first-stage gas turbine outer airseal application
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Heat-transfer coefficient (HTC) versus surface temperature for MZM-16 oil a...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2013
Fig. 31 Heat-transfer coefficient (HTC) versus surface temperature for MZM-16 oil at 61 °C (142 °F) with a cylindrical test specimen of 19.9 mm (0.78 in.) diameter and 80 mm (3.2 in.) height. 1, by solving inverse problem; 2, by regular thermal condition theory. Source: Ref 137
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Computed surface temperature (right vertical axis) and volume fraction (lef...
Available to Purchase
in Characterization of Heat Transfer during Quenching
> Steel Heat Treating Fundamentals and Processes
Published: 01 August 2013
Fig. 20 Computed surface temperature (right vertical axis) and volume fraction (left vertical axis) as a function of time during quenching of an AISI 1050 steel probe. Source: Ref 79 . Reprinted, with permission, from Materials Performance and Characterization , copyright ASTM International
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in Large Probes for Characterization of Industrial Quenching Processes
> Steel Heat Treating Fundamentals and Processes
Published: 01 August 2013
Fig. 12 Calculated surface temperature ( T s ) and measured temperatures at 1 and 4.5 mm (0.04 and 0.18 in.) below the surface and in the center of the probe. Courtesy of Petrofer GmbH
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Cooling rate versus surface temperature curves for quenching the Liščić/Nan...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2013
Fig. 2 Cooling rate versus surface temperature curves for quenching the Liščić/Nanmac probe in mineral oil at 20 °C without agitation (top) and 25% poly(alkylene glycol) (PAG) solution at 40 °C and 0.8 m/s agitation rate (bottom)
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Published: 01 August 2013
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Radiation heat loss as a function of surface temperature. Losses are based ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2013
Fig. 27 Radiation heat loss as a function of surface temperature. Losses are based on blackbody radiation into surroundings at 20 °C (70 °F). Source: Ref 19
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Relation between transferred power density ( P ) and surface temperature ( ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2013
Fig. 5 Relation between transferred power density ( P ) and surface temperature ( T S ) for two cases: (a) P = constant and (b) T S = constant
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in Vertical Scanners, Horizontal Scanners, and Tooth by Tooth Scanners
> Induction Heating and Heat Treatment
Published: 09 June 2014
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Scan rate as a function of frequency at a constant surface temperature and ...
Available to Purchase
in Vertical Scanners, Horizontal Scanners, and Tooth by Tooth Scanners
> Induction Heating and Heat Treatment
Published: 09 June 2014
Fig. 9 Scan rate as a function of frequency at a constant surface temperature and case depths of 2, 3.5, and 5 mm (0.07, 13, and 0.19 in.)
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Coil current as a function of frequency at constant surface temperature and...
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in Vertical Scanners, Horizontal Scanners, and Tooth by Tooth Scanners
> Induction Heating and Heat Treatment
Published: 09 June 2014
Fig. 10 Coil current as a function of frequency at constant surface temperature and effective case depth
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Published: 30 September 2015
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Infrared thermograph showing cooler surface temperature from air infiltrati...
Available to Purchase
in Coatings for Commercial Structures and Building Deficiencies that Affect Performance
> Protective Organic Coatings
Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 19 Infrared thermograph showing cooler surface temperature from air infiltration at openings at the roof/wall interface. The cooler area is represented by the dark blue color beneath and to the right of the top right cursor. The warmer area is the lighter yellow color beneath the bottom
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Surface temperature of the extruded product versus ram displacement for two...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2005
Fig. 7 Surface temperature of the extruded product versus ram displacement for two aluminum alloys. Ram velocities are indicated on the curves. Extrusion ratio: 5:1; billet diameter: 71 mm (2.8 in.); billet length: 142 mm (5.6 in.); initial billet and tooling temperature: 440 °C (825 °F
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Effect of surface temperature of polisher on polishing rate. (a) Chemical a...
Available to PurchasePublished: 31 December 2017
Fig. 28 Effect of surface temperature of polisher on polishing rate. (a) Chemical and mechanical polishing (CMP) of silicon wafer with polyurethane polisher, 1.5 M-KOH aq. and 0.1 μm ZrO 2 5 wt%, polishing pressure 120 gf/cm 2 , polisher rotary speed 90 rpm, air. Source: Ref 49 . (b
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