Search Results for surface layers

Fig. 3 Short sides of alloy 3 casting, showing poor development of surface layers More

Fig. 4 Well-formed surface layers and side fissure, alloy 3 More

Fig. 5 Pearlitic steel. Longitudinal taper sections of surface layers that were belt abraded on 100-mesh Al 2 O 3 , showing that cementite plates of pearlite are merely bent adjacent to some scratches (a) and are completely fragmented adjacent to others (b). Picral. Horizontal: 2000×; vertical More

Fig. 16 (a) Surface layers on a component machined by electrical discharge machining (EDM). (b) Fractured samples showing the fractured edges and the recast layer More

Fig. 3 Plastic deformation and elongation of the near-surface layers. ε r , radial strain; σ rs , radial stress. Source: Ref 4 More

Fig. 7 Longitudinal residual stress patterns developed in surface layers as a function of case depth in four induction hardened steels. Steel chemical compositions: Curve 1, 0.44C-0.24Si-0.73Mn; curve 2, 0.12C-0.20Si-0.45Mn-1.3Cr-4.45Ni-0.85W; curve 3, 0.39C-0.26Si-0.65Mn-0.68Cr-1.58Ni-0.16Mo More

Fig. 13 Surface relief microcracks and dislocation structure in surface layer. Section perpendicular to the specimen surface and the primary slip plane in copper single crystal. D, electrodeposited layer; S, specimen; M, microcracks More

Fig. 103 Suspended ∼0.2-μm AlNi particles on the aluminum oxide surface layer (light area) and with amorphous Al(Ni) in the thicker sample regions (dark area). Bright-field micrograph obtained by 120 kV. Inset: Electron-diffraction pattern from the thicker area showing the amorphous phase More

Fig. 42 (a) A crack running through the carburized surface layer on the flank of a gear tooth. (b) The region of the origin, shown at higher magnification More

Fig. 42 Light micrograph of a white-etching surface layer formed on a rail head due to frictional heat. This specimen was taken adjacent to a spalled area. Specimen etched with picral More

Fig. 3 Schematic of ablation, or microroughening, of the surface layer of a polymer substrate by plasma surface modification. Microroughening increases the area of contact between an adhesive and a substrate to strengthen the bond. More

Fig. 8 Equiaxed α structure of pure titanium. The white surface layer is oxygen-stabilized α. The green at the top is mounting resin. Color etched with 100 mL distilled H 2 O and 5 g NH 4 HF 2 . 50×. (G. Müller) More

Fig. 31 Mo-0.5Ti alloy, cold rolled; recrystallized by annealing. Surface layer (top) is unrecrystallized because of nitrogen contamination. Etchant: ASTM 129 ( Table 1 ). 500× More

Fig. 26 Carbonitrided and oil-quenched 1117 steel with a surface layer of decarburized ferrite (left) superimposed on a normal case structure of martensite. The core (right) contains patches of ferrite (white). Nital etch. 200× More

Fig. 14 Distribution of nitrogen and carbon in the surface layer that expanded the austenite phase with a smooth transition in compressive stresses from the hardened surface to the soft base alloy. Courtesy of Expanite A/S, Denmark More

Fig. 5 Surface layer after carburizing to a case depth of 0.7 mm (0.03 in.). Material is SAE 5115; scale is 1000:1. More

Fig. 6 Surface layer microstructure generated during low-stress and abusive grinding of AISI 4340 steel. (a) Surface layers were not altered during low-stress grinding. (b) White layer formed during abusive grinding. (c) Plot of microhardness alterations. (d) Plot of residual stress. (e) Plot More

Fig. 42 (a) Crack running through the carburized surface layer on the flank of a gear tooth. (b) Region of the origin, shown at higher magnification More

Fig. 50 Light micrograph of a white-etching surface layer formed on a rail head due to frictional heat. This specimen was taken adjacent to a spalled area. Specimen etched with picral More

Fig. 9 Hardness depth profiles of electron beam alloyed (EBA) surface layer (iron addition) before and after plasma nitriding. Aluminum alloy 5083; T N = 470 °C (880 °F); t N,eff = 5 h More