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Image
Critical sizes of internal flaws at various stress levels. Surface flaws ar...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 12 Critical sizes of internal flaws at various stress levels. Surface flaws are a factor of 1.1 lower.
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Image
Nomenclature for fracture features. (a) Surface flaws. (b) Volume flaws. So...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2000
Fig. 13 Nomenclature for fracture features. (a) Surface flaws. (b) Volume flaws. Source: Ref 4 , 34
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Image
Geometry factors for surface flaw. (a) Configuration. (b) Geometry factors ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1996
Fig. 5 Geometry factors for surface flaw. (a) Configuration. (b) Geometry factors for shape. (c) Geometry factor for front free surface
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Image
Schematic showing the development of a surface flaw by application of bendi...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 November 1995
Fig. 32 Schematic showing the development of a surface flaw by application of bending stresses in water. Arrows indicate direction of local fracture.
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Image
Effect of distance (depth) of flaws of equal size from the entry surface of...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2018
Fig. 3 Effect of distance (depth) of flaws of equal size from the entry surface of a test piece on the echo height of ultrasonic indications
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Image
Illustration of surface texture: roughness, waviness, lay, and flaws. Sourc...
Available to Purchase
in Prevention of Machining-Related Failures
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 9 Illustration of surface texture: roughness, waviness, lay, and flaws. Source: Ref 13 . Reprinted from ANSI/ASME B46.1-1985, by permission of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. All rights reserved
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Book Chapter
Visual Inspection
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003230
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract Visual inspection is a nondestructive testing technique that provides a means to detect and examine a variety of surface flaws, such as corrosion, contamination, surface finish, and surface discontinuities. This article discusses the equipment used to aid visual inspection, including...
Abstract
Visual inspection is a nondestructive testing technique that provides a means to detect and examine a variety of surface flaws, such as corrosion, contamination, surface finish, and surface discontinuities. This article discusses the equipment used to aid visual inspection, including borescopes (rigid and flexible), optical sensors, and magnifying systems. The article discusses the special features of borescopes, the factors that influence the choice of a flexible or rigid borescope for use in a specific application, and some of the image sensors used in visual inspection.
Book Chapter
Nondestructive Inspection of Steel Bar, Wire, and Billets
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006467
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... hot roll pass being squeezed out into the area of the roll collar. When turned for the following pass, the material is rolled back into the bar and appears as a lap on the surface ( Fig. 2j ). Chevrons Chevrons are internal flaws named for their shape ( Fig. 2k ). They often result from...
Abstract
This article focuses on nondestructive inspection of steel bars. The primary objective in the nondestructive inspection of steel bars and wire is to detect conditions in the material that may be detrimental to the satisfactory end use of the product. The article discusses various types of flaws encountered in the inspection of steel bars, including porosity, inclusions, scabs, cracks, seams, and laps. Inspection methods, such as magnetic-particle inspection. liquid penetrant inspection, ultrasonic inspection, and electromagnetic inspection, of steel bars are also described. The article provides a discussion on electromagnetic systems, eddy-current systems, and magnetic permeability systems for detection of flaws on steel bars. It concludes with a description of nondestructive inspection of steel billets.
Image
Dual set of six circumferentially mounted probes used to ultrasonically det...
Available to Purchase
in Nondestructive Inspection of Steel Bar, Wire, and Billets[1]
> Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 6 Dual set of six circumferentially mounted probes used to ultrasonically detect flaws in cold-drawn hexagonal bars. (a) Normal-beam method to detect flaws deep inside bar. (b) Angle-beam method to detect surface and near-surface flaws. Source: Ref 1
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Image
Published: 01 January 1996
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006472
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
..., 60, and 70° from normal. The higher probe angles tend to give rise to lateral waves of higher intensity, making it more difficult to recognize near-surface flaws. Knowledge of the precise beam angle is not necessary for TOFD inspection. Variations of ±5° from nominal do not affect the quality...
Abstract
Time-of-flight diffraction (TOFD) is an ultrasonic technique used to detect diffracted waves from crack tips and to size the cracks from the arrival times of those waves. This article discusses the basic considerations and provides information on probe selection, gain setting, and instrumentation of TOFD. It describes the numerous effects that result from modifying the probe characteristics. The article provides the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), the European Committee for Standardization (CEN), and the International Standardization Organization (ISO) recommendations for the reference blocks according to applicable codes and standards. It also provides the ASME, CEN, and ISO recommendations for examination of welds. The article concludes with information on the interpretation and analysis of TOFD images with an aid of sizing algorithms.
Image
Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 11 Flaw shape factor, Q , and geometry correction factor, M , for a tension-loaded bar with a semielliptical surface flaw. Source: Ref 12 , ASME XI
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Image
Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 260 Surface of a fatigue fracture in 16-mm ( 5 8 -in) diam spring wire of AISI 1060 steel. The crack origin, which undoubtedly was a surface flaw, generated a fatigue zone (dark area at upper left). The fatigue crack grew slowly, and beach marks became obscured by oxide. ∼3×
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Book Chapter
Magnetic Field Testing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003233
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
.... All magnetic flaw-detection methods rely in some way on the detection and measurement of the magnetic flux leakage field near the surface of the material, which is caused by the presence of the flaw. Material properties characterization methods rely on bulk measurements of the hysteretic properties...
Abstract
Magnetic field testing includes some widely used nondestructive evaluation methods to inspect magnetic materials for defects such as cracks, voids, and inclusions and to assess other material properties, such as grain size, texture, and hardness. This article discusses the principles of such defect detection, providing details on the origin, generation, and assessment of leakage field data. In addition, it discusses the metallurgical and magnetic properties of magnetic materials and the applications of magnetic field testing.
Image
Another polished and etched section through the shot-peened fillet of the f...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1987
Fig. 995 Another polished and etched section through the shot-peened fillet of the fractured blade in Fig. 990 , showing a fatigue crack that grew from a surface flaw. The structure indicates that only very superficial shot-peening occurred here. Etched in Keller's reagent, 500×
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Book Chapter
Failure Analysis of Ceramics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003058
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... or impact. Similar damage is produced when sharp particles strike glass or ceramic surfaces. Lateral cracks reach the surface, causing material to spall off. The size of the origin flaw, as measured along the surface, is typically about the same as the size of the spalled-off region, but there are many...
Abstract
Failure analysis is a process of acquiring specified information regarding the appropriateness of the design of a part, the competence with which the various steps of its manufacture have been performed, any abuse suffered by it in packing and transportation, or the severity of service under which failure has occurred. Beginning with a discussion of the various stages of failure analysis of glass and ceramic materials, this article focuses on descriptive and quantitative fracture surface analysis techniques that are used in the examination of glass and surfaces created by fracture and the interpretation of the fracture markings seen on these surfaces. Details are provided for the procedures for locating fracture origins, determining direction of crack propagation, learning the sequence of crack propagation, deducing the stress state at the time of fracture, and observing interactions between crack fronts and inclusions, etc. A separate fractography terminology is provided in this article.
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The measured crack growth rate (crack length versus time) determined by opt...
Available to Purchase
in Failure Analysis and Life Assessment of Structural Components and Equipment
> Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
Image
The measured crack growth rate (crack length versus time) is determined by ...
Available to Purchase
in Failure Prevention through Life Assessment of Structural Components and Equipment
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Image
Fracture toughness specimens. (a) Single edge notch bending (SENB). (b) Com...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2000
) Chevron notch short bar. (i) Chevron notch bending. (j) Double torsion (DT). (k) Three-point bending with controlled surface flaw (CSF). P , load. Adapted from Ref 58
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Image
Weibull plot of alumina three-point bend bars and biaxially loaded disks fr...
Available to Purchase
in Design Considerations for Advanced Ceramics for Structural Applications
> Engineered Materials Handbook Desk Edition
Published: 01 November 1995
(constant-stress-rate loading) data. Strength degradation in water is predicted for a dynamic load of 1 MPa/s. A mixed-mode fracture criterion was chosen to account for the change in surface flaw reliability for multiaxial stress states. Source: Ref 13
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