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Image
Relationship between stress amplitude and minimum depth of surface defects ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2003
Fig. 7 Relationship between stress amplitude and minimum depth of surface defects for 12% Cr steel and a 2.0% NiCrMoV steel. Source: Ref 14
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Image
Surface defects on semifinished products made by primary rolling of ingots....
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1998
Fig. 22 Surface defects on semifinished products made by primary rolling of ingots. (a) Scabby surface of a bloom. (b) Deep seam originating with an ingot crack. (c) Clustered seams. (d) Burned steel bloom. (e) Lap on a rolled steel product
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Image
(a) Surface defects due to mold-metal reaction. (b) Cross section of surfac...
Available to PurchasePublished: 31 August 2017
Fig. 46 (a) Surface defects due to mold-metal reaction. (b) Cross section of surface in (a) detected iron oxide in the cavities (bottom). Used with permission from Ref 13
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Image
Close-up views of surface casting defects on a paper-drier head. (a) At the...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 16 Close-up views of surface casting defects on a paper-drier head. (a) At the 12 o'clock position. (b) At the 9 o'clock position, with arrow indicating a surface defect. (c) At the 6 o'clock position. All approximately 0.2×
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Image
Close-up views of surface casting defects on a paper-drier head. (a) At the...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 August 2021
Fig. 4 Close-up views of surface casting defects on a paper-drier head. (a) At the 12 o’clock position. (b) At the 9 o’clock position, with arrow indicating a surface defect. (c) At the 6 o’clock position. Original magnification of all: 0.2×
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Image
Published: 30 September 2015
Image
Example of table from FITNET Appendix D, Table D.10, showing surface defect...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2018
Fig. 34 Example of table from FITNET Appendix D, Table D.10, showing surface defect-length evaluation with on-site conditions from surface side A. Source: Ref 62
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Image
Closeup of fracture-surface defect. Arrows indicate spherical inclusions. O...
Available to Purchase
in Failure Analysis of Railroad Components
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 105 Closeup of fracture-surface defect. Arrows indicate spherical inclusions. Original magnification: 300×
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Image
Cracking defects on the convex surface and wrinkling on the concave surface...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2006
Fig. 7 Cracking defects on the convex surface and wrinkling on the concave surface during bending. Source: Ref 1
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Image
Optical micrographs showing defects on the inner surface of type 304 stainl...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2003
Fig. 5 Optical micrographs showing defects on the inner surface of type 304 stainless steel pipe near weld root (a) and near through crack (b). Both 670×
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Image
Setup used for surface acoustic wave microscopy of defects such as cracks, ...
Available to Purchase
in Rayleigh Wave Nondestructive Evaluation for Defect Detection and Materials Characterization
> Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 29 Setup used for surface acoustic wave microscopy of defects such as cracks, delaminations, voids, and so on. Source: Ref 122
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Image
Effect of composition on surface roughness defects. (a) Segregation. (b) Re...
Available to PurchasePublished: 31 December 2017
Fig. 6 Effect of composition on surface roughness defects. (a) Segregation. (b) Reconstruction. (c) Chemisorption. (d) Compound formation. Source: Ref 23
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Image
(a) Surface and (b) subsurface nitrogen defects in gray iron with a nitroge...
Available to PurchasePublished: 31 August 2017
Fig. 18 (a) Surface and (b) subsurface nitrogen defects in gray iron with a nitrogen content >80 ppm. 3% nital etch. Original magnification for both: 100×. Courtesy of M.C. Kim and L.W. McFarland, Caterpillar Inc.
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Image
Creation of paint defects due to inhomogeneities in the SMC surface finish....
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2001
Fig. 30 Creation of paint defects due to inhomogeneities in the SMC surface finish. (a) Air inclusion in the surface of the molded part. (b) Expansion of air in the inclusion during drying forms a crater.
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Book Chapter
Casting Defects
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006338
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... Abstract The International Committee of Foundry Technical Associations has identified seven basic categories of casting defects: metallic projections, cavities, discontinuities, defective surfaces, incomplete casting, incorrect dimension, and inclusions or structural anomalies. This article...
Abstract
The International Committee of Foundry Technical Associations has identified seven basic categories of casting defects: metallic projections, cavities, discontinuities, defective surfaces, incomplete casting, incorrect dimension, and inclusions or structural anomalies. This article presents some of the common defects in each of the seven categories in a table. It discusses common defects determined during the examination of samples of ductile cast iron in Elkem's research facility in Norway. The article reviews common defects, such as shrinkage cavities, blowholes, hydrogen pinholes, nitrogen defects, and abnormal graphite morphology, found in gray iron. It concludes with a discussion on surface defects in compacted graphite iron.
Book Chapter
Hot-Rolled Steel Bars and Shapes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001014
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... surface imperfections with varying degrees of severity. Seams, laps, and slivers are probably the most common defects in hot-rolled bars and shapes. Another condition that could be considered a surface defect is decarburization. Hot-rolled steel bars and shapes can be produced to chemical composition...
Abstract
Hot-rolled steel bars and other hot-rolled steel shapes are produced from ingots, blooms, or billets converted from ingots or from strand cast blooms or billets and comprise a variety of sizes and cross sections. Most carbon steel and alloy steel hot-rolled bars and shapes contain surface imperfections with varying degrees of severity. Seams, laps, and slivers are probably the most common defects in hot-rolled bars and shapes. Another condition that could be considered a surface defect is decarburization. Hot-rolled steel bars and shapes can be produced to chemical composition ranges or limits, mechanical property requirements, or both. Hot-rolled carbon steel bars are produced to two primary quality levels: merchant quality and special quality. Merchant quality is the least restrictive descriptor for hot-rolled carbon steel bars. Special quality bars are employed when end use, method of fabrication, or subsequent processing treatment requires characteristics not available in merchant quality bars.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006534
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... and exit temperature, and their effect on product quality. The article also provides information on extrusion presses, press dies, and tooling, and addresses quality issues such as surface defects, blistering, and internal cracking. It concludes with a discussion on the drawing of solid section...
Abstract
This article describes the direct hot extrusion process and the typical sequence of operations for producing extruded aluminum shapes from soft and medium-grade aluminum alloys, hard alloys, and aluminum-matrix composites. It discusses key process variables, including extrusion speed and exit temperature, and their effect on product quality. The article also provides information on extrusion presses, press dies, and tooling, and addresses quality issues such as surface defects, blistering, and internal cracking. It concludes with a discussion on the drawing of solid section and aluminum tube.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001343
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
.... The article discusses nondestructive evaluation of welds by encompassing techniques that are used to characterize the locations and structure of internal and surface defects, including radiography, ultrasonic testing, and liquid penetrant inspection. It reviews the macrostructural characterization...
Abstract
This article describes the characterization of welds as a sequence of procedures, where each procedure is concerned with a finer scale of detail. The first level of characterization involves information that may be obtained by direct visual inspection and measurement of the weld. The article discusses nondestructive evaluation of welds by encompassing techniques that are used to characterize the locations and structure of internal and surface defects, including radiography, ultrasonic testing, and liquid penetrant inspection. It reviews the macrostructural characterization of a sectioned weld, including features such as number of passes; weld bead size, shape, and homogeneity; and the orientation of beads in a multipass weld. The article provides examples that describe how welds are characterized according to the procedures.
Book Chapter
Solidification Structures of Aluminum Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003727
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... in casting of alloys. The article also illustrates the casting defects such as macroporosity, microshrinkage, and surface defects, associated with the alloys. aluminum alloys dendritic microstructure eutectic microstructure grain structure macrosegregation microsegregation solidification surface...
Abstract
The most common aluminum alloy systems are aluminum-silicon, aluminum-copper, and aluminum-magnesium. This article focuses on the grain structure, eutectic microstructure, and dendritic microstructure of these systems. It provides information on microsegregation and its problems in casting of alloys. The article also illustrates the casting defects such as macroporosity, microshrinkage, and surface defects, associated with the alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002484
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... that designers and foundries can use to obtain maximum performance from cast parts. The article describes the effects of casting discontinuities on properties, including porosity, inclusions, hot tears, metal penetration, and surface defects. A discussion on hot isostatic pressing treatment of castings is also...
Abstract
Casting offers the cost advantages over other manufacturing methods for most components. This article reviews the aspects of castings with which designers should be familiar, as well as the methods used by foundries to produce high-integrity castings. It discusses the design concepts that designers and foundries can use to obtain maximum performance from cast parts. The article describes the effects of casting discontinuities on properties, including porosity, inclusions, hot tears, metal penetration, and surface defects. A discussion on hot isostatic pressing treatment of castings is also provided. The article concludes with information on solidification simulation and its use in designing castings.
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