Fig. 23 Free surface replica showing the development of fatigue-surface damage on recrystallized type 316LR stainless steel in aerated Ringer's solution at 38 °C (100 °F), at applied stress of 250 MPa (35.5 ksi). (a) The first visible slip systems developed at a triple point (decorated More

Fig. 4 Measurement and analysis of surface damage using x-ray diffraction. (a) 38 mm (1.5 in.) 1018 steel cutoff sample showing burn-related discoloration. Two residual stress measurements by x-ray diffraction were made on the sample at the locations marked by the four concentric markers. (b More

Fig. 6 Surface damage caused by insufficient cooling during abrasive sectioning. The variation in colors indicates a change in the combination in transformation products. (a) and (b) Etched 2% nital plus 4% picral More

Fig. 8 Examples of engine component surface damage. (a) Evidence of hot corrosion damage on the pressure side of a MAR-M-246 turbine blade. (b) Metallographic section across the airfoil of the MAR-M-246 blade, showing evidence of hot corrosion damage penetrating the leading edge (B) right More

Fig. 7 Representative modes of surface damage in liquid metal environments. IGA, intergranular attack. Source: Ref 5 More

Fig. 12 Surface damage resulting from ceramic-steel contact (scanning electron microscope micrographs). (a) Lateral-crack spall. (b) Radial-crack propagation and delamination. (c) and (d) Ceramic-ceramic contact at high Hertz contact pressure More

Fig. 12 Surface damage in sapphire (Al 2 O 3 ) produced by 90 ° impact of 405 μm SiC particles traveling at a velocity of 90 m/s (300 ft/s). Note material removed by the extension of a large semicircular lateral vent crack. Source: Ref 86 More

Fig. 10 Surface damage typical of galling wear on high-strength steel sheet material. Source: Ref 58 More

Fig. 24 Evolution of tooth-surface damage during a scuffing test. Reprinted from Ref 138 with permission from Elsevier More

Fig. 7 Embedded track with boot damage. Boot shows surface raveling and an open gap at a splice connection. More

Fig. 29 Stress and damage parameter profiles for a surface-processed bending member ( Ref 36 ) More

Fig. 52 Point tracking the damage factor of two points on the surface of the component More

Fig. 40 Light micrograph showing wear damage at the surface of a 4485 alloy steel medart roll. The surface was nickel plated for edge retention and etched with nital. More

Fig. 27 Erosion damage from the bore to just below the outside-diameter surface of an AISI H13 nozzle from a zinc die casting die. Actual size More

Fig. 7 Damage created on the surface of an elastomer by isolated stress concentration. (a) Surface deformation pattern when a sharp needle or conical indentor with acute angle is slid on the surface of an elastomer. The elastomer surface is pulled in the direction of motion and fails More

Fig. 9 Typical cavitation damage on the surface of a sliding bearing. More

Fig. 9 Severe damage from fretting (false brinelling) on the surface of a shaft that served as the inner raceway for a needle-roller bearing. More

Fig. 16 Damage from surface deterioration and spalling in the drawn-cup outer raceway of a needle-roller bearing because the rollers were overloaded at one end. More

Fig. 18 Fine flaking damage on the surface of a shaft that served as a roller-bearing inner raceway. The flaking originated along the ridges of the surface finish of the shaft. More

Fig. 50(a) Erosion damage from the bore to just below the outside-diameter surface of an AISI H13 nozzle from a zinc die-casting die. Actual size More