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supercritical water

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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004132
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... Abstract Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is an effective process for the destruction of military and industrial wastes including wastewater sludge. This article discusses the unique properties of supercritical water and lists the main technological advantages of SCWO. For many waste...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004133
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... Abstract This article describes the control of water chemistry in the steam cycle of a power plant for achieving corrosion control, deposition prevention, and higher cycle efficiency. It discusses the materials requirements of the components exposed to supercritical water in supercritical (SC...
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Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 1 Simplified water path in a large supercritical utility boiler, with a single reheat step More
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Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 4 Potential-pH diagram for iron in supercritical aqueous solution at 400 °C (750 °F) and 50 MPa (500 bar), showing the approximate regions in potential-pH space for the operation of supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) reactors and supercritical thermal power plants. Source: Adapted from More
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Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 2 A downflow vertical vessel waste treatment system based on supercritical water oxidation technology. Circled numbers are explained in text. Source: Adapted from Ref 13 More
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Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 7 The relative corrosion rate (R/R 0 ) at two different molal concentrations of HCl (m 0 HCl ) for the temperature range associated with supercritical water oxidation systems at a pressure of 50 MPa (500 bar) and activation energies (E) of 25, 50, and 100 kJ/mol. Source: Adapted from More
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004100
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... to human activities. Water is supercritical above its vapor-liquid critical point, 374 °C (706 °F) and 22 MPa (3.191 ksi). Supercritical water has unique solvating, transport, and compressibility properties compared to liquid water and steam. These properties are finding growing commercial applications...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006825
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... as a homogeneous fluid). Water reaches this state at a pressure greater than 22.1 MPa (3.2 ksi) and a temperature equal to 374.15 °C (705.50 °F). Supercritical is a generic term used in the power plant industry that also includes ultra-supercritical (USC) and advanced ultra-supercritical (A-USC) boiler...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004156
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... can meet the stringent requirements. See the article “Corrosion in Supercritical Water—Ultrasupercritical Environments for Power Production” in this Volume for more details on these units. To select candidate superheater and reheater materials, test loops consisting of various high-performance...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005777
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
..., cleaner residues, or water ingredients ( Ref 5 ). Incoming parts from the previous operation have various contaminants on the surface. From machining, cutting fluids, chips, oil, rust preventive, water ingredients, and rust may appear on the surface. If the parts are made by casting, the contamination...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004155
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... in Supercritical Water—Ultrasupercritical Environments for Power Production” in this Volume. Steam is often extracted from the turbine for heating of feedwater and used in industrial processes. It is exhausted as wet subatmospheric steam, with up to 12% moisture ( Fig. 7 ), into a condenser or at higher than...
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003053
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
.... Then, it is placed into the pressure vessel, which is filled with a fluid (normally a soluble oil-water mixture), and is hydrostatically pressed. Pressures typically vary between 21 and 690 MPa (3 and 100 ksi) ( Ref 11 , 12 ). After pressing, the mold is removed from the pressure vessel, and the pressed component...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006141
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... for stainless steel powders suitable for MIM. These required the use of prealloyed powders. The prealloyed powder, which currently has a major share of the MIM market, is generally produced by two atomizing routes: gas atomization and water atomization. The gas-atomized powders are generally spherical in nature...
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003142
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... oxygen, nitrogen tetroxide, or red fuming nitric acid can cause titanium to react violently under impact loading or loading above the yield point where the protective surface ruptures, exposing an “activated” surface. Titanium has been used to contain liquid or supercritical hydrogen at cryogenic...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003821
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... followed by water quenching) to minimize deleterious second phases. Such second phases can occur during reheating, as in weld heat-affected zones (HAZs), typically as grain-boundary precipitates. Modern wrought alloys, with their very low carbon and silicon contents, are quite stable and can be used...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004143
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... water jackets, and so forth, where the total volume required filling the equipment is not excessive. The equipment is arranged such that it can be completely filled with the cleaning solution and circulated by a pump to maintain flow through the system. Movement of solution through the equipment greatly...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001816
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... analysis fatigue fire-side corrosion power plants stress-corrosion cracking tube rupture water-side corrosion FAILURES IN BOILERS and other equipment in stationary and marine power plants that use steam as the working fluid are discussed in this article. The discussion is mainly concerned...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005686
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... for use in human health risk assessments. Exhaustive extraction is applicable for the assessment of the safety of an implant device and to estimate the upper limits of the chemicals that could be released to the patient. Some potential extractables from medical device materials are water soluble...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006379
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... differently in water than in a hydrocarbon liquid. The details of the interfacial structure are also likely to depend on the distance between one interface and the other. Again, careful consideration must be given in the thought experiment to the question of reversibility. If the adsorption is irreversible...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006012
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... current, and/or applied pressure. These coatings can be formulated to act differently under different conditions. Smart coatings are not new; zinc-rich primers, for example, when exposed to water at pinholes or cut edges, galvanically protect a steel substrate or passivate aluminum, steel, or other...