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superconductors
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001110
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... Abstract Niobium-titanium alloys (NbTi) became the superconductors of choice in the early 1960s, providing a viable alternative to the A-15 compounds and less ductile alloys of niobium-zirconium. This can be attributed to the relative ease of fabrication, better electrical properties...
Abstract
Niobium-titanium alloys (NbTi) became the superconductors of choice in the early 1960s, providing a viable alternative to the A-15 compounds and less ductile alloys of niobium-zirconium. This can be attributed to the relative ease of fabrication, better electrical properties, and greater compatibility with copper stabilizing materials. This article discusses the ramifications of design requirements, selection criteria and processing methods of superconducting fibers and matrix materials. It provides information on the various steps involved in the fabrication of superconducting composites, including assembly, welding, isostatic compaction, extrusion, wire drawing, twisting, and final sizing. The article also provides a detailed account of the properties and applications of NbTi superconducting composites.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001114
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... Abstract The discovery of the high-critical-temperature oxide superconductors has accelerated the interest for superconducting applications due to its higher-temperature operation at liquid nitrogen or above and thus reduces the refrigeration and liquid helium requirement. It also permits usage...
Abstract
The discovery of the high-critical-temperature oxide superconductors has accelerated the interest for superconducting applications due to its higher-temperature operation at liquid nitrogen or above and thus reduces the refrigeration and liquid helium requirement. It also permits usage of the high-critical-temperature oxides in magnets or power applications in high-current-carrying wire or tape with acceptable mechanical capability. This article discusses the powder techniques mainly based on the production of an oxide powder precursor, which is then subjected to various processing, including powder-in-tube processing, vapor deposition processing, and melt processing. It further discusses the microstructural, anisotropy and weak link influences on these processes.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001111
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... Abstract This article reviews the phase diagrams, alloy with third element additions, layer growth, critical current density, and matrix materials of A15 superconductors. It describes the production methods of tape conductors (chloride deposition, and surface diffusion) and multifilamentary...
Abstract
This article reviews the phase diagrams, alloy with third element additions, layer growth, critical current density, and matrix materials of A15 superconductors. It describes the production methods of tape conductors (chloride deposition, and surface diffusion) and multifilamentary wires (rod process, modified jelly roll process, niobium tube process, in-situ process, powder metallurgy process, and jelly roll method). The article focuses on reaction heat treatment, which is required at the end of wire processing to convert the ductile components to the desired, but brittle, superconductor. Finally, it discusses the applications of A15 superconductors in commercial magnets, power generation, power transmission, high-energy physics, and fusion.
Image
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 7 J-B- ϵ critical surface for multifilamentary Nb 3 Sn superconductors at T c of 4.2 K. Line AB represents the maximum (nearly strain-free) value of the critical current as a function of magnetic field. Corresponding curves on each side of line AB represent the strain window
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Image
in High-Temperature Superconductors for Wires and Tapes[1]
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 2 Cross sections of two YBCO powder-in-tube processed superconductors. (a) Silver-sheathed tape conductor with YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 core. (b) 0.38 mm (0.015 in.) diam multifilament YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 wire consisting of 29 filaments of 15 μm (600 μin.) diameter. Courtesy of Intermagnetics General
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003155
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract Superconductors are materials that exhibit a complete disappearance of electrical resistivity on lowering the temperature below the critical temperature. A superconducting material must exhibit perfect diamagnetism, that is, the complete exclusion of an applied magnetic field from...
Abstract
Superconductors are materials that exhibit a complete disappearance of electrical resistivity on lowering the temperature below the critical temperature. A superconducting material must exhibit perfect diamagnetism, that is, the complete exclusion of an applied magnetic field from the bulk of the superconductor. Superconducting materials that have received the most attention are niobium-titanium superconductors (the most widely used superconductor), A15 compounds (in which class the important ordered intermetallic Nb3Sn lies), ternary molybdenum chalcogenides (Chevrel phases), and high-temperature ceramic superconductors. This article provides an overview of basic principles of superconductors and the different classes of superconducting materials and their general characteristics.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001109
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... Abstract Superconductivity has been found in a wide range of materials, including pure metals, alloys, compounds, oxides, and organic materials. Providing information on the basic principles, this article discusses the theoretical background, types of superconductors, and critical parameters...
Abstract
Superconductivity has been found in a wide range of materials, including pure metals, alloys, compounds, oxides, and organic materials. Providing information on the basic principles, this article discusses the theoretical background, types of superconductors, and critical parameters of superconductivity. It discusses the magnetic properties of selected superconductors and types of stabilization, including cryogenic stability, adiabatic stability, and dynamic stability. The article also focuses on alternating current losses in superconductors, including hysteresis loss, penetration loss, eddy current loss, and radio frequency loss. Furthermore, the article describes the flux pinning phenomenon and Josephson effects.
Image
Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 4 Cross section of a multifilamentary Nb 3 Sn superconductor wire (20 mm, or 0.78 in. diam). The 18 filaments in the wire each have individual bimetal diffusion barriers composed of concentric rings of niobium around vanadium. The matrix surrounding the filaments is copper. 75×
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Image
in Principles of Superconductivity
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 3 Comparison of the magnetic behavior of a superconductor to that of a perfect conductor in the presence or absence of an external magnetic field ( B a ) when cooled to below the transition temperature. (a) When cooled without being subjected to the magnetic field (A and B) and (E and F
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Image
in Principles of Superconductivity
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 4 Currents flowing within a thin sheath at the surface of a superconductor preventing the external applied magnetic field from entering the bulk. The thickness of the current sheath, and the distance over which the magnetic field decays is called the penetration length (λ).
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Image
in Principles of Superconductivity
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 10 Triangular flux line lattice in a lead-indium alloy type II superconductor. Small ferromagnetic particles are attracted to the points of high-field density in the core of the flux lines. The flux line positions are seen using a replica in the transmission electron microscopy (TEM
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Image
in Principles of Superconductivity
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 12 Transport current density ( J ) flowing through the superconductor. The flux lines experience a reactive force given by the Lorentz force equation, F L = J × B . In the absence of flux pinning, the Lorentz force will cause the flux lines to flow in a direction perpendicular
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Image
in Principles of Superconductivity
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 16 Equal-area condition for cryogenic stability of a superconductor. (A) is the heat transfer from the superconductor to liquid helium, and (B) is the heat generated in the superconductor by a local disturbance. As long as the area under the cooling curve (A) is greater than the area
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Image
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 20 Unreacted NbSn high-current density composite superconductor wire produced for high-field magnet application using tin-core MJR process. (a) 100× bright field illumination (B.F.). (b) 1000× differential interference contrast (D.I.C.). The 60 subelements in the 0.6 mm (0.024 in.) diam
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Image
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 26 Photomicrographs of an element in a tin-core MJR processed superconductor wire produced using internal tin process. (a) No reaction heat treatment. (b) Three-stage reaction heat treatment at 210 °C (410 °F), 340 °C (645 °F), and 650 °C (1200 °F). Courtesy of Paul E. Danielson, Teledyne
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001108
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
..., superconductivity, superconductors SINCE THE DISCOVERY of high-temperature superconductivity in 1986, pictures of the levitation of a magnet above a superconducting sheet have been widely published in both scientific and popular journals. Owing to the widespread distribution of levitation kits to high schools...
Abstract
This article reviews the history of superconductivity from its discovery in the early 1900s to the renewed interest in the mid-1980s spurred by the development of high-temperature superconducting devices. It identifies some of the materials in which superconductivity has been observed, including metals and alloys, compounds, and oxides, and discusses their properties as well as potential applications. The article also explains how various superconducting materials are produced and provides a foundation for understanding the basic operating principles.
Image
in Principles of Superconductivity
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 15 Levitation of a high-field permanent magnet above a high- T c superconductor at liquid nitrogen temperatures. The exclusion of magnetic flux by the superconductor due to flux pinning defects creates a magnetic pressure between the magnet and the superconductor that opposes
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Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001294
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... superconductors and ferroelectric materials. angular distribution ferroelectric materials high-temperature superconductors particulates pulsed-laser deposition pulsed-laser deposition equipment PULSED-LASER DEPOSITION (PLD) is a physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique that has gained popularity...
Abstract
This article presents a general description of pulsed-laser deposition. It describes the components of pulsed-laser deposition equipment. The article also discusses the effects of angular distribution of materials. Finally, the article reviews the characteristics of high-temperature superconductors and ferroelectric materials.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001112
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... Abstract Ternary molybdenum chalcogenides stands for a vast class of materials, whose general formula is MxMO6X8, where, M is a cation and X is a chalcogen (sulfur, selenium, or tellurium). Possible applications of some of these are as high field superconductors (that is, >20 T, or 200 kG...
Abstract
Ternary molybdenum chalcogenides stands for a vast class of materials, whose general formula is MxMO6X8, where, M is a cation and X is a chalcogen (sulfur, selenium, or tellurium). Possible applications of some of these are as high field superconductors (that is, >20 T, or 200 kG). This article discusses the fabrication methods of PbMo6S8 (PMS) and SnMo6S8 (SMS), including hot processing and cold processing. It provides a short note on the superconducting properties of PMS wire filaments and their applications in processes requiring high magnetic fields, such as high-energy physics, thermonuclear fusion, and nuclear magnetic resonance.
Image
in High-Temperature Superconductors for Wires and Tapes[1]
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 1 Plot of critical current density versus magnetic flux density to compare properties of powder-in-tube process oxide-base superconductors with that of conventional superconductors. MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; SSC, superconducting supercollider
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