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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004157
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... Abstract This article describes the corrosion modes in a waste-to-energy boiler. It discusses the corrosion protection and alloy performance with an emphasis on two main areas of the boiler: furnace water walls and super heaters. waste-to-energy boiler corrosion protection high...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005888
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
..., and concludes with information on the temperature profile modeling software. bars billets electrical resistivity frequency induction heater induction heating magnetic properties rods temperature profile modeling Introduction Temperature greatly affects the formability of metals. Heating...
Abstract
This article provides a rough estimate of the basic parameters, including coil efficiency, power, and frequency in induction heating of billets, rods, and bars. It focuses on the frequency selection for heating solid cylinders made of nonmagnetic metals, frequency selection when heating solid cylinders made from nonmagnetic alloys, and frequency selection when heating solid cylinders made from magnetic alloys. The article describes several design concepts that can be used for induction billet heating, namely, static heating and progressive/continuous heating. It presents the four major factors associated with the location and magnitude of subsurface overheating: frequency, refractory, final temperature, and power distribution along the heating line. The article summarizes the pros and cons of using a single power supply. It also reviews the design features of modular systems, and concludes with information on the temperature profile modeling software.
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0007032
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
.... Some grains were lost during the polishing. Etching was performed using Kalling’s reagent. Sensitization was demonstrated by etching with oxalic acid per ASTM A262, Practice A. Super duplex stainless steels heat treated for a short time at 850 °C (1562 °F) and exposed to CO 2 /H 2 S at 80° C...
Abstract
Stainless steel alloys have many unique failure mechanisms, including environmentally assisted cracking, cracking associated with welding, and secondary phase embrittlement. This article describes these failure mechanisms and the fracture modes associated with the different categories of stainless steel. These mechanisms and modes are grouped together because of their similarities across the categories.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001411
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... to by their chromium and nickel contents to describe the alloy class. The alloys listed above are then described as 2304, 2205, 25% Cr, and 2507, respectively. The last alloy class is also frequently termed “super” duplex stainless steel. The performance of DSS can be significantly affected by welding. Due...
Abstract
This article provides information on the base material properties of wrought duplex stainless steels (DSS). These properties include microstructure, alloy grades, mechanical and physical properties, and corrosion resistance. The article reviews the applications and microstructural development of DSS. It describes the factors influencing welding and weldability of the DSS. These factors include preheating, postweld heat treatment, interpass temperature control, welding practices, welding procedure qualification, filler metal requirements, cracking behavior, and loss of properties. The article examines the applicable welding processes such as fusion welding and solid-state welding processes.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006387
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... leads to a super low friction coefficient of 0.004 ( Ref 7 ). As show in Fig. 6 , compared with dry friction and regular lubrication, a near-zero friction coefficient of a Si 3 N 4 /glass pair was observed under the lubrication of phosphoric acid solution (pH = 1.5). Fig. 6 Friction coefficient...
Abstract
This article describes the determination of wear loss by measuring either mass change or dimensional change of lubricants and materials. It discusses the principles, advantages and disadvantages of mass loss measures and dimensional measures of wear. The article details wear measurement at the nanoscale, such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurement and scanning electron microscopy measurement. It reviews the techniques of wear measurement at the atomic level, namely, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurement and AFM combined with TEM measurement.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003022
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
...) Polyether sulfone (PES) Polyether-imide (PEI) Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) Super engineering plastics (heat resistance >200 °C) Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Polyarylate (PAR) Polyimide (PI) The choice of plastic for a particular application will depend on several factors...
Abstract
The process of coating plastics with metals for functional purposes is called metallizing of plastics. This article discusses the metallizing of plastics, provides information on its history, and gives a short note on applications and adhesion properties of metallic coatings. It also discusses the selection of plastics for plating. This article also describes metallizing techniques, including plating (electrolytic or electroplating), vacuum metallizing and thermal spraying, and environmental considerations. The article discusses the quality assurance procedures for metallized plastic parts which include tests that assess the quality of the finish, coating thickness, adhesion, and corrosion resistance, and gives a short note on service performance, which includes service condition classifications.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.9781627081672
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003051
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
Abstract
Traditional ceramics, one of two general classes, are commonly used in high-volume manufacturing to make building materials, household products, and various industrial goods. Although there is a tendency to equate traditional ceramics with low technology, sophisticated processes and advanced manufacturing techniques are often used where these materials are employed. This article examines several traditional ceramics, including structural clay, whiteware, glazes, enamels, portland cements, and concrete. It also provides a detailed account of fabrication methods, properties, and applications. As an example, common applications for structural clay include facing materials, load-bearing units, pavers, and ceramic tiles.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004171
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... of this defect is identified by observing the pattern of the corrosion on the wafers. Corrosion occurred only around the extreme edge of the wafer. Little or none was observed around the wafer flat or at the wafer edge opposite the flat. When stored in a super-carrier, the wafer flat is always up in the boat...
Abstract
This article presents a detailed examination of corrosion at the various production stages of wafer fabrication. The corrosion issues related to batch metal-etch systems and single-wafer metal-etch systems are also discussed. The article provides a case study, which illustrates that the factors outside the normal processing of wafers or tool-specific problems can contribute to metal-line corrosion.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006569
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... system are: Build box Build stage/Z axis Powder hopper/storage Powder dispenser Powder spreader Printhead Binder storage Heater Gantries for powder and printhead Fig. 2 (a) Image of a layer of powder in mid-print in the binder jet process and (b) depowdering after...
Abstract
This article focuses on binder-jetting technologies in additive manufacturing (AM) that produce metal artifacts either directly or indirectly. The intent is to focus on the most strategic and widespread uses of the binder jetting technology and review some of the challenges and opportunities for that technology. The discussion includes a historical overview and covers the major steps involved and the advantages of using the binder jetting process. The major steps of the process covered include printing, curing, de-powdering, and sintering.
Book Chapter
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001308
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
Abstract
Aluminum or aluminum alloy products have various types of finishes applied to their surfaces to enhance appearance or improve functional properties. This article discusses the procedures, considerations, and applications of various methods employed in the cleaning, finishing, and coating of aluminum. These include abrasive blast cleaning, barrel finishing, polishing, buffing, satin finishing, chemical cleaning, chemical brightening, electrolytic brightening, chemical etching, alkaline etching, acid etching, chemical conversion coating, electroplating, immersion plating, electroless plating, porcelain enameling, and shot peening.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006825
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... … … … … Super 304H 0.07–0.13 0.3 max 1.00 max 17.0–19.0 7.5–10.5 … 0.4 … 3.0Cu, 0.10N Proprietary grade (b) TP321H SA213 grade TP 321H 0.040–0.10 1.00 max 2.00 max 17.0–19.0 9.0–12.0 … … … 4(C + N) − 0.70Ti, 0.045 max P, 0.030 max S … TP347H SA213 grade TP 347H 0.040–0.10 1.00 max...
Abstract
Failures in boilers and other equipment taking place in power plants that use steam as the working fluid are discussed in this article. The discussion is mainly concerned with failures in Rankine cycle systems that use fossil fuels as the primary heat source. The general procedure and techniques followed in failure investigation of boilers and related equipment are discussed. The article is framed with an objective to provide systematic information on various damage mechanisms leading to the failure of boiler tubes, headers, and drums, supplemented by representative case studies for a greater understanding of the respective damage mechanism.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002480
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... of these studies was to provide methods with which the designer or design team can quickly obtain information on costs before detailed design has taken place. For example, an analysis ( Ref 16 ) of an injection-molded heater cover gave the results shown in Fig. 5 . It was evident that certain wall thicknesses...
Abstract
Product design for manufacture and assembly can be the key to high productivity in all manufacturing industries. This article discusses the use of design for manufacture and assembly (DFMA) software in the evaluation of proposed designs. It summarizes the steps taken when using DFMA software during design. The article describes the use of design for analysis tool in reducing the number of separate parts, estimating assembly time, and determining design efficiency. It reviews assembly analysis methods such as the assemblability evaluation method, the assembly-oriented product design method, the Lucas method, and the design-for-assembly cost effectiveness method. The article explains the design for manufacture in terms of cost estimation and principal cost drivers. It provides information on the applications of DFMA and roadblocks in the implementation of DFMA. The article concludes with a discussion on the design for automatic assembly.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005533
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
Abstract
This article describes the applications of induction heat treatment of metals, including normalizing, annealing, hardening, and tempering and stress relieving. It discusses the simulation techniques of the electromagnetic and thermal processes that occur during induction heat treating. The article explains the finite-difference method, finite-element method, mutual impedance method, and boundary-element method for the numerical computation of the induction heat treating processes. It also discusses the direct and indirect coupling approaches for coupling the electromagnetic and heat-transfer problems. Modern computer simulation techniques are capable of effectively simulating electromagnetic and thermal phenomena for many processes that involve electromagnetic induction. The article considers the challenges faced by developers of modern simulation software.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003175
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... heater that is typically an induction-heated graphite susceptor. The mold is heated to a temperature above the melting point of the superalloy and filled with metal. The solid nucleates on the copper chill, and the grains begin to grow into the molten metal. Because the growth of nickel-base alloy grains...
Abstract
Aluminum alloys are primarily used for nonferrous castings because of their light weight and corrosion resistance. This article discusses at length the melting and metal treatment, structure control, sand casting, permanent mold casting, and die casting of aluminum alloys. It also covers the types and melting and casting practices of copper alloys, zinc alloys, magnesium alloys, titanium alloys, and superalloys, and provides a brief account on the casting technique of metal-matrix composites.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001769
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... the diffraction pattern displayed on the fluorescent screen. Fig. 9 RHEED system that uses a fluorescent screen to display and a photomultiplier to record the diffraction pattern. A heater is shown behind the sample. The incident beam (top) strikes the surface at grazing angles. The surface...
Abstract
Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) is a technique for investigating the crystallography of surfaces and overlayers adsorbed on surfaces. This article describes the principles of diffraction from surfaces, and elucidates the method of sample preparation to achieve diffraction patterns. The article describes the limitations of surface sensitive electron diffraction and discusses the applications of LEED with examples.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001281
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... cathodes. Provision must be made for heating the anodizing solution to 32 to 35 °C (90 to 95 °F); electric or steam immersion heaters are satisfactory for this purpose. Electric heaters are preferred, because they are easy to operate and do not contaminate the bath. The anodizing process generates heat...
Abstract
Anodizing refers to conversion coating of the surface of aluminum and its alloys to porous aluminum oxide. This article provides the reasons for performing anodizing and discusses the three principal types of anodizing processes, namely, chromic acid process, sulfuric acid process, and hard anodic process. It describes the limitations imposed by variables, such as alloy composition, surface finish, prior processing, temper or heat treatment, and the use of inserts, on the anodizing processes. The article explains the causes and means adopted for correcting several specific problems in anodizing aluminum. It also discusses the process control techniques and equipment used for anodizing. The article reviews the sealing processes for anodic coatings and the method for coloring the coatings. It concludes with a discussion on the effects of anodic coatings on the surface and mechanical properties of aluminum and its alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005524
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... cubic) phases during aging of a super duplex stainless steel weld metal were investigated with experimental characterization and thermodynamic driving force calculations ( Ref 152 ). Similar work has been performed by Sieurin et al. ( Ref 153 , 154 ) to describe the sigma-phase precipitation...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of integrated weld modeling and presents strategic goals for the welding industry. It discusses the fundamentals of the underlying physics and the methodologies to solve the same. The article presents the pioneering work done to predict the heat-affected zone and weld metal microstructure in the early 1980s and 1990s. Applications of computational thermodynamics and kinetics tools to weld metal microstructure prediction for liquid-gas reactions and liquid-slag reactions that happen as a function of high-to-low temperature during fusion welding are discussed. The article also includes a brief discussion on weldability prediction, residual stress prediction, and distortion prediction. It concludes with information on the use of optimization methodologies.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002471
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
Abstract
This article discusses the principles of corrosion and the basis of the various prevention measures that can be taken for different corrosion modes. It describes aqueous corrosion phenomena in terms of the electrochemical reactions that occur at the metal-environment interface. The article explains the specific forms of corrosion, including general corrosion, localized attack, and environmentally assisted cracking. It provides a discussion on the engineering aspects of design that can, without due care and attention, precipitate unexpected premature failure. The article reviews ways to improve corrosion awareness and prevent corrosion/degradation. It describes a life prediction method with an example of environmental degradation in light-water nuclear reactors. The article concludes with a discussion on the validation of life-prediction algorithms and their applications.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005561
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
...) phases during aging of a super duplex stainless steel weld metal were investigated with experimental characterization and thermodynamic driving force calculations ( Ref 152 ). Similar work has been performed by Sieurin et al. ( Ref 153 , 154 ) to describe the sigma-phase precipitation and reforming...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of integrated weld modeling and discusses the fundamentals of the underlying physics and methodologies involved in process modeling. It presents approaches for microstructure modeling that help to predict phase fractions as well as grain size in the heat-affected zone and weld metal region as a function of alloy composition and thermal cycles. The article discusses the uses of computational thermodynamic and kinetic tools. It describes the concept of performance modeling, whose goal relates to the prediction of weldability, geometrical distortion, and/or locked-in residual stress as a function of material, restraint, process, and process parameters as well as service temperature. Finally, the article presents a case study, evaluating the use of X-65 steels using the E-WeldPredictor tool.
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