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Jude Mary Runge, Christoph Werner, S. Lampman
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Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001251
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... Abstract Lead has been deposited from a variety of electrolytes, including fluoborates, fluosilicates, sulfamates, and methane sulfonic acid baths. This article provides a discussion on these electrolytic baths and includes information on the process sequence, equipment requirements...
Abstract
Lead has been deposited from a variety of electrolytes, including fluoborates, fluosilicates, sulfamates, and methane sulfonic acid baths. This article provides a discussion on these electrolytic baths and includes information on the process sequence, equipment requirements, and applications of lead plating.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001260
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... for plating Ni/Cu multiple-layer alloys, where copper is more noble than nickel by nearly 600 mV. For the case of Ni/Cu alloy plating, one often starts with a nickel-sulfate-based electrolyte (Watts nickel bath) or a nickel sulfamate bath. Small amounts of copper sulfate (50 to 1000 ppm Cu +2 ) are then added...
Abstract
Multiple-layer alloy electrodeposition involves the formation of an inhomogeneous alloy consisting of lamellae of different composition. This article reviews the process description, engineering parameters, characterization, and applications of multiple-layer alloys. Pulsed-current plating and pulsed-potential plating are also discussed.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001263
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
..., is plated from Watts, fluoborate, and sulfamate solutions. The last is the most widely used due to lower stresses in the deposits and ease of operation. Nickel is deposited from most baths with moderate to high tensile stress. If uncontrolled, this stress can make removal of the mandrel difficult, can...
Abstract
Electroforming is the process by which articles or shapes can be exactly reproduced by electrodeposition on a mandrel or form that is later removed, leaving a precise duplicate of the original. This article discusses electroforming applications, and explains electroforming of nickel, cobalt, iron, and copper, providing information on mandrel design and selection, electroforming solutions and operating variables. It discusses the significant aspects of electroforming that demand special considerations, such as metal distribution, internal deposit stress, roughness, and treeing. The article concludes with an overview of alloy electroforming.
Book Chapter
Electrodeposition Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003215
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... and operating conditions for the Watts and nickel sulfamate processes, which are the two most popular solutions (plating baths). Nickel electroplating solutions Table 8 Nickel electroplating solutions Electrolyte composition (a) , g/L Watts nickel Nickel sulfamate Typical semibright bath (b...
Abstract
Copper can be electrodeposited from numerous electrolytes. Cyanide and pyrophosphate alkalines, along with sulfate and fluoborate acid baths, are the primary electrolytes used in copper plating. This article provides information on the chemical composition, plating baths, and operating conditions of electrodeposition processes for chromium plating, nickel plating, iron plating, cadmium plating, zinc plating, indium plating, lead plating, tin plating, silver plating, gold plating, brass plating, bronze plating, tin-lead plating, zinc-iron plating, and zinc-nickel plating. The article also discusses selective plating, electroforming, and other processes and where they are typically used.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001249
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... overcome by adding gelatin or glue to the bath to increase its viscosity. Plating Baths The four most commonly used indium plating baths are indium cyanide, indium fluoborate, indium sulfamate, and indium sulfate. Table 1 compares these processes. The details of the processes are shown in Tables...
Abstract
This article focuses on the electrodeposition of indium and its alloys, such as indium-antimony, indium-gallium, and indium-bismuth, in nonaqueous indium plating baths. It also provides information on the stripping of indium plate from plated components and presents an overview of the specifications, standards, and hazards of indium plating.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001246
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
.... These include chloride, sulfate, sulfamate, fluoroborate, sulfonate, and various combinations of these electrolytes. Perhaps the widest use of iron plating has been in electroforming, where thicknesses of 6 mm (0.25 in.) are common. The bath parameters of these electroplating solutions are as varied...
Abstract
Iron has been electroplated from a variety of electrolytes, whose bath parameters result in coatings that have widely divergent characteristics according to the specific characteristics desired in the finished product. This article provides an overview of the process description and processing equipment and discusses the properties, advantages, limitations, and principal applications of iron plating. It also describes the environmental, health, and safety considerations of iron plating.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001245
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
.... Nickel electroplating solutions Table 2 Nickel electroplating solutions Electrolyte composition, (a) g/L Watts nickel Nickel sulfamate Typical semibright bath (b) Nickel sulfate, NiSO 4 ·6H 2 O 225 to 400 … 300 Nickel sulfamate, Ni (SO 3 NH 2 ) 2 … 300 to 450 … Nickel...
Abstract
This article discusses the process considerations and deposit properties of nickel plating. It describes the Watts solution and the anode materials used. The article focuses on the nickel plating processes used for decorative, engineering, and electroforming purposes. It provides information on the quality control of nickel plating. It concludes with a review of the environmental, health, and safety considerations associated with nickel plating.
Book Chapter
Nonelectrolytic Deposition Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003216
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
..., and hypodermic needles, high-precision optical scan- which is well within the range of the electroform- can even result in deposit cracking. In general, ners and holographic masters (for credit cards, ing processes practiced today. the chloride-free sulfamate bath produces the etc and recording masters...
Abstract
This article describes the steps, bath composition and characteristics, equipment, plating rate, deposit thickness, and applications for different types of nonelectrolytic deposition processes, including electroless nickel plating, electroless copper plating and mechanical plating.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001254
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... in sealed atmospheres. All ruthenium plating electrolytes are based on solutions of simple ruthenium salts or ruthenium nitrosyl derivatives. Typical examples are ruthenium sulfate, ruthenium phosphate, ruthenium sulfamate, or ruthenium chloride ( Ref 4 ). These electrolytes are all essentially based...
Abstract
The electroplating of platinum-group metals (PGMs) from aqueous electrolytes for engineering applications is limited principally to palladium and, to a lesser extent, to platinum, rhodium, and thin layers of ruthenium. This article provides a discussion on the plating operations of these PGMs along with the types of anodes used in the process.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003404
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... levels of all of the nickel plating solutions. Typical values for both a normal and a “hard” sulfamate bath (i.e., one containing a grain refiner) are tabulated. Typical properties of sulfamate nickel deposits at 25 °C (75 °F) Table 1 Typical properties of sulfamate nickel deposits at 25 °C (75 °F...
Abstract
This article describes the factors to be considered while performing electroforming process. The factors include the shape and size of the mold, expected durability of the mold, required delivery time, and manufacture and cost of the necessary mandrel. The article discusses mandrel fabrication by either the use of fiberglass/resins or by the machining of the mandrel directly from computer-aided design data. It provides a comparison of nickel and other tooling materials in terms of coefficients of thermal expansion, thermal cycles for compression molding, and thermal cycles for metal autoclave molds.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001259
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... alloys Table 1 Technology options for the deposition of chromium-base alloys Type of bath Aqueous Acid Alkaline Nonaqueous Organic Molten salt Applied current None (electroless) Conventional direct current Pulsed direct current Periodic reversed direct...
Abstract
Chromium alloys yield alloy coatings with properties that range from completely satisfactory to marginally acceptable, depending on the end use. This article provides a detailed description of plating solutions and deposition conditions and rates of chromium-iron, chromium-nickel, and chromium-iron-nickel alloys.
Book Chapter
Replacement for Hard Chrome Plating on Aircraft Landing Gear
Available to PurchaseBook: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005739
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... with sulfamate nickel plating to repair worn or corroded components that have been removed from aircraft during overhaul. In particular, chrome plating is used extensively on landing gear components such as axles, inner cylinders, pins, journals, and lug bores. Chromium plating baths contain chromic acid...
Abstract
High-velocity oxyfuel (HVOF)-applied thermal spray coatings are viable candidates for replacement of hard chrome in numerous applications. HVOF thermal spraying can be used to deposit both metal alloy and cermet coatings that are dense and highly adherent to all the commonly used base metals in airframe structures. This article summarizes the results of materials and component testing. It also presents a cost/benefit analysis of HVOF WC/17Co and WC/10Co4Cr coatings on aircraft landing gear components.
Book Chapter
Selective (Brush) Plating
Available to PurchaseBook: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001261
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... Abstract Selective plating, also known as brush plating, differs from traditional tank or bath plating in that the workpiece is not immersed in a plating solution (electrolyte). Instead, the electrolyte is brought to the part and applied by a handheld anode or stylus, which incorporates...
Abstract
Selective plating, also known as brush plating, differs from traditional tank or bath plating in that the workpiece is not immersed in a plating solution (electrolyte). Instead, the electrolyte is brought to the part and applied by a handheld anode or stylus, which incorporates an absorbent wrapping for applying the solution to the workpiece (cathode). This article focuses on the selective plating systems that include a power pack, plating tools, anode covers, specially formulated plating solutions, and any auxiliary equipment required for the particular application. It provides a detailed account of the applications of selective plating, with examples. The article describes the advantages, limitations, key process elements, and health and safety considerations of selective plating. It also includes the most important industrial, government, and military specifications.
Book Chapter
Plating on Aluminum
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006491
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... must be selected that is suitable for application over zinc (examples of such baths are fluoborate and sulfamate nickel electrolytes). Silver and Gold Electroplated Coatings Silver electroplated coatings on aluminum alloys increase the electrical conductivity of the surface. A copper coating...
Abstract
Aluminum components are often plated with other metals to mitigate the effects of corrosion and wear, improve application performance, and extend service life. This article discusses some of the more common aluminum plating processes, including electroplating, immersion plating, and electroless plating, and describes various plating materials and the types of applications in which they are used. It provides critical processing details such as temperatures, ratios, ranges, times, and rates. The article explains how to prepare aluminum components for electroplating, discussing surface roughening, anodizing, and immersion procedures along with expected results.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001264
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... Abstract Electroless nickel plating is used to deposit nickel without the use of an electric current. This article provides an overview of the solution composition and characteristics of the electroless nickel bath. It focuses on the metallurgical, mechanical and physical properties...
Abstract
Electroless nickel plating is used to deposit nickel without the use of an electric current. This article provides an overview of the solution composition and characteristics of the electroless nickel bath. It focuses on the metallurgical, mechanical and physical properties of electroless nickel-phosphorus coatings and electroless nickel-boron coatings. The effect of electroless nickel coatings on the fatigue strength of steel is also described. The article includes information on the recommended pretreatment procedures for different ferrous alloys, aluminum alloys, and copper alloys. It presents a detailed account of the equipment and various processes—including bulk and barrel plating—involved in electroless nickel plating, and discusses hydrogen relief methods. The article includes a comprehensive table on nickel plating applications, and concludes with information on electroless nickel coatings on composites and plastics.
Book Chapter
Cleaning of Steel for Heat Treatment
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005777
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... of sulfamic, phosphoric, sulfuric, or hydrochloric acid Scale Complete removal of scale from mill products and fabricated parts Electrolytic pickling removes scale twice as fast. Salt bath descaling: Bath operates within temperatures of 400 to 525 °C (750 to 975 °F) Several...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of surface contaminants that may affect the heat treatment processes and end-product quality. It presents information on the chemicals used to clean different surface contaminants of steels. The article discusses three types of cleaning methods, namely, mechanical, chemical, and electrochemical and their effectiveness and applicability. The mechanical cleaning methods include grinding, brushing, steam or flame jet cleaning, abrasive blasting, and tumbling. Solvent cleaning, emulsion cleaning, alkaline cleaning, acid cleaning, pickling, and descaling are chemical cleaning methods. The electrochemical cleaning methods include electropolishing, electrolytic alkaline cleaning, and electrolytic pickling. The article provides information on cleanliness measurement methods such as qualitative tests and quantitative tests to ensure product quality. Health hazards that may be associated with each cleaning method and the general control measures to be used for each hazard are tabulated.
Book Chapter
Surface Engineering of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
Available to PurchaseBook: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001308
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... surface with, or dip a test panel into, an unheated chromate conversion coating bath of the acid type until an orange-colored film is formed. A uniform orange film indicates a chemically clean surface. Solvent Cleaning The primary function of solvent cleaners is to remove oil and grease compounds...
Abstract
Aluminum or aluminum alloy products have various types of finishes applied to their surfaces to enhance appearance or improve functional properties. This article discusses the procedures, considerations, and applications of various methods employed in the cleaning, finishing, and coating of aluminum. These include abrasive blast cleaning, barrel finishing, polishing, buffing, satin finishing, chemical cleaning, chemical brightening, electrolytic brightening, chemical etching, alkaline etching, acid etching, chemical conversion coating, electroplating, immersion plating, electroless plating, porcelain enameling, and shot peening.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003678
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... the composition of phosphating baths, phosphate layers, and their analysis, as well as the process hardware necessary to realize these treatments. A summary of the different types of phosphate layers is tabulated, and the chemical formulas for a number of different phosphate compounds that are theoretically...
Abstract
Phosphating is used in the metalworking industry to treat substrates like iron, steel, galvanized steel, aluminum, copper, and magnesium and its alloys. This article provides an overview of the types, uses, and theory of phosphate coatings and their formation. It also discusses the composition of phosphating baths, phosphate layers, and their analysis, as well as the process hardware necessary to realize these treatments. A summary of the different types of phosphate layers is tabulated, and the chemical formulas for a number of different phosphate compounds that are theoretically possible in crystalline phosphate layers are illustrated. The article presents four chemically important phosphating steps, namely, cleaning, activation or conditioning, phosphating, and posttreatment plus standard rinsing. It describes the physical and chemical properties by gravimetric analysis, chemical analysis, structure and morphology, thermal analysis, and alkaline resistance.
Book Chapter
Surface Engineering of Refractory Metals and Alloys
Available to PurchaseBook: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001313
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
..., friable; SF, semi-friable; T, tough. Source: Ref 1 Chemical Cleaning and Polishing of Molybdenum and Tungsten Surfaces Molten Caustic Process To remove the heavy oxide scale from tungsten, molybdenum, and their alloys, the molten caustic process is used. The molten caustic bath can...
Abstract
This article addresses surface cleaning, finishing, and coating operations that have proven to be effective for molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum, and niobium. It describes standard procedures for abrasive blasting, molten caustic processing, acid cleaning, pickling, and solvent and electrolytic cleaning as well as mechanical grinding and finishing. The article also provides information on common plating and coating methods, including electroplating, anodizing, and oxidation-resistant coatings.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001303
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... exposure. Severely corrosive atmospheres will turn nickel green. Nickel plating of iron castings does not present any unusual problems, and the cleaning techniques prior to plating often are the same as for low-carbon steel. Three types of general-purpose baths are used for nickel plating: Watts, sulfamate...
Abstract
This article provides a brief review of the classification and characteristics of cast irons. It describes the processes used to clean iron castings, including mechanical cleaning and finishing and nonmechanical cleaning. The article discusses surface treatments used to extend casting life when resistance to corrosion, wear, and erosion is required. The common methods include electroplating, electroless plating, hardfacing, weld cladding, surface hardening, porcelain enameling, and organic coatings.
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