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Book Chapter

By George B. Rynne
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001251
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... Abstract Lead has been deposited from a variety of electrolytes, including fluoborates, fluosilicates, sulfamates, and methane sulfonic acid baths. This article provides a discussion on these electrolytic baths and includes information on the process sequence, equipment requirements...
Book Chapter

By Daniel T. Schwartz
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001260
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... for plating Ni/Cu multiple-layer alloys, where copper is more noble than nickel by nearly 600 mV. For the case of Ni/Cu alloy plating, one often starts with a nickel-sulfate-based electrolyte (Watts nickel bath) or a nickel sulfamate bath. Small amounts of copper sulfate (50 to 1000 ppm Cu +2 ) are then added...
Book Chapter

By Glenn Malone, Myron E. Browning
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001263
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
..., is plated from Watts, fluoborate, and sulfamate solutions. The last is the most widely used due to lower stresses in the deposits and ease of operation. Nickel is deposited from most baths with moderate to high tensile stress. If uncontrolled, this stress can make removal of the mandrel difficult, can...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003215
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... and operating conditions for the Watts and nickel sulfamate processes, which are the two most popular solutions (plating baths). Nickel electroplating solutions Table 8 Nickel electroplating solutions Electrolyte composition (a) , g/L Watts nickel Nickel sulfamate Typical semibright bath (b...
Book Chapter

By Allen W. Grobin, Jr.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001249
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... overcome by adding gelatin or glue to the bath to increase its viscosity. Plating Baths The four most commonly used indium plating baths are indium cyanide, indium fluoborate, indium sulfamate, and indium sulfate. Table 1 compares these processes. The details of the processes are shown in Tables...
Book Chapter

By Sue Troup-Packman
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001246
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
.... These include chloride, sulfate, sulfamate, fluoroborate, sulfonate, and various combinations of these electrolytes. Perhaps the widest use of iron plating has been in electroforming, where thicknesses of 6 mm (0.25 in.) are common. The bath parameters of these electroplating solutions are as varied...
Book Chapter

By George A. Di Bari
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001245
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
.... Nickel electroplating solutions Table 2 Nickel electroplating solutions Electrolyte composition, (a) g/L Watts nickel Nickel sulfamate Typical semibright bath (b) Nickel sulfate, NiSO 4 ·6H 2 O 225 to 400 … 300 Nickel sulfamate, Ni (SO 3 NH 2 ) 2 … 300 to 450 … Nickel...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003216
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
..., and hypodermic needles, high-precision optical scan- which is well within the range of the electroform- can even result in deposit cracking. In general, ners and holographic masters (for credit cards, ing processes practiced today. the chloride-free sulfamate bath produces the etc and recording masters...
Book Chapter

By Ch.J. Raub
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001254
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... in sealed atmospheres. All ruthenium plating electrolytes are based on solutions of simple ruthenium salts or ruthenium nitrosyl derivatives. Typical examples are ruthenium sulfate, ruthenium phosphate, ruthenium sulfamate, or ruthenium chloride ( Ref 4 ). These electrolytes are all essentially based...
Book Chapter

By Jim R. Logsdon
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003404
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... levels of all of the nickel plating solutions. Typical values for both a normal and a “hard” sulfamate bath (i.e., one containing a grain refiner) are tabulated. Typical properties of sulfamate nickel deposits at 25 °C (75 °F) Table 1 Typical properties of sulfamate nickel deposits at 25 °C (75 °F...
Book Chapter

By Eric W. Brooman
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001259
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... alloys Table 1 Technology options for the deposition of chromium-base alloys Type of bath Aqueous Acid Alkaline Nonaqueous Organic Molten salt Applied current None (electroless) Conventional direct current Pulsed direct current Periodic reversed direct...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005739
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... with sulfamate nickel plating to repair worn or corroded components that have been removed from aircraft during overhaul. In particular, chrome plating is used extensively on landing gear components such as axles, inner cylinders, pins, journals, and lug bores. Chromium plating baths contain chromic acid...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001261
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... Abstract Selective plating, also known as brush plating, differs from traditional tank or bath plating in that the workpiece is not immersed in a plating solution (electrolyte). Instead, the electrolyte is brought to the part and applied by a handheld anode or stylus, which incorporates...
Book Chapter

By Jude Mary Runge, Christoph Werner, S. Lampman
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006491
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... must be selected that is suitable for application over zinc (examples of such baths are fluoborate and sulfamate nickel electrolytes). Silver and Gold Electroplated Coatings Silver electroplated coatings on aluminum alloys increase the electrical conductivity of the surface. A copper coating...
Book Chapter

By Donald W. Baudrand
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001264
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... Abstract Electroless nickel plating is used to deposit nickel without the use of an electric current. This article provides an overview of the solution composition and characteristics of the electroless nickel bath. It focuses on the metallurgical, mechanical and physical properties...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005777
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... of sulfamic, phosphoric, sulfuric, or hydrochloric acid Scale Complete removal of scale from mill products and fabricated parts Electrolytic pickling removes scale twice as fast. Salt bath descaling: Bath operates within temperatures of 400 to 525 °C (750 to 975 °F) Several...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001308
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... surface with, or dip a test panel into, an unheated chromate conversion coating bath of the acid type until an orange-colored film is formed. A uniform orange film indicates a chemically clean surface. Solvent Cleaning The primary function of solvent cleaners is to remove oil and grease compounds...
Book Chapter

By Kevin Ogle, Michael Wolpers
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003678
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... the composition of phosphating baths, phosphate layers, and their analysis, as well as the process hardware necessary to realize these treatments. A summary of the different types of phosphate layers is tabulated, and the chemical formulas for a number of different phosphate compounds that are theoretically...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001313
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
..., friable; SF, semi-friable; T, tough. Source: Ref 1 Chemical Cleaning and Polishing of Molybdenum and Tungsten Surfaces Molten Caustic Process To remove the heavy oxide scale from tungsten, molybdenum, and their alloys, the molten caustic process is used. The molten caustic bath can...
Book Chapter

By J.R. Davis
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001303
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... exposure. Severely corrosive atmospheres will turn nickel green. Nickel plating of iron castings does not present any unusual problems, and the cleaning techniques prior to plating often are the same as for low-carbon steel. Three types of general-purpose baths are used for nickel plating: Watts, sulfamate...