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Stress-strain relationship. (a) True stress/true strain derived from tensil...
Available to Purchase
in Deformation and Recrystallization of Titanium and Its Alloys[1]
> Heat Treating of Nonferrous Alloys
Published: 01 June 2016
Fig. 12 Stress-strain relationship. (a) True stress/true strain derived from tensile testing a specimen and measuring the actual area at each strain. (b) Strengthening effect of manganese on flow strength of titanium-manganese alloys annealed at 750 °C (1380 °F)
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Image
Nonlinear stress-strain relationship computed with best estimates. The shif...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2013
Fig. 19 Nonlinear stress-strain relationship computed with best estimates. The shifted coordinates whose origin is at the transition point also are shown. TS YSZ, thermal spray yttria-stabilized zirconia. Source: Ref 21
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Image
Anelastic stress-strain relationship observed in plasma-sprayed yttria-stab...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2013
Fig. 20 Anelastic stress-strain relationship observed in plasma-sprayed yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) coating. Two key features, nonlinearity and hysteresis during the loading/unloading path and the parameters to quantify them, are noted. Source: Ref 22
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Published: 01 January 2001
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003398
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... Abstract This article presents the basic guidelines considered in designing a composite structure, and the basic definitions of terms that apply to composites. It describes the analysis of a composite laminate based on stress-strain relationships, stress-strain load relationships, general load...
Abstract
This article presents the basic guidelines considered in designing a composite structure, and the basic definitions of terms that apply to composites. It describes the analysis of a composite laminate based on stress-strain relationships, stress-strain load relationships, general load displacement case, and general load case solution. Factors affecting the composite materials properties and allowables of fiber-reinforced polymers are reviewed. The article discusses the process considerations for mold design, such as master model, metal tooling, composite tooling, and tool care. It explains the resin selection in designing the composite for use in a particular application. The article illustrates the various methods that are used to process a composite component, namely, wet lay-up, autoclave, resin transfer molding, and vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding. It provides a discussion on electromagnetic interference shielding, electrostatic discharge protection, metal plating, fire resistance, and corrosion resistance on composite materials.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003262
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
.... This article discusses the stress-strain relationships, strain curvature, and stress-moment equations for elastic, noncylindrical, elastic-plastic, and pure plastic bending conditions. It also reviews the distribution of residual stress and springback. stress-strain behavior bending deformation strain...
Abstract
A characteristic feature of bending is the inhomogeneous (nonuniform) nature of the deformation. Therefore, in a bent specimen, the strain and stress at a given point are dependent on the location of the point with respect to the neutral axis of the cross-sectional area of the specimen. This article discusses the stress-strain relationships, strain curvature, and stress-moment equations for elastic, noncylindrical, elastic-plastic, and pure plastic bending conditions. It also reviews the distribution of residual stress and springback.
Book Chapter
Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar Testing of Ceramics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003299
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... a discussion on the operational principle of the traditional SHPB technique and the relevant assumptions in the derivation of the stress-strain relationship. It describes the inherent limitations on the validity of these assumptions in testing ceramics and discusses the necessary modifications in SHPB design...
Abstract
Split-Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) testing is traditionally used for determining the plastic properties of metals (which are softer than the pressure bar material) at high strain rates. However, the use of this method for testing ceramic has various limitations. This article provides a discussion on the operational principle of the traditional SHPB technique and the relevant assumptions in the derivation of the stress-strain relationship. It describes the inherent limitations on the validity of these assumptions in testing ceramics and discusses the necessary modifications in SHPB design and test procedure for evaluating high-strength brittle ceramics. The article includes information on the maximum strain rate that can be obtained in ceramics using an SHPB and the necessity of incident pulse shaping. It also reviews the specimen design considerations, interpretation of experimental results obtained from SHPB testing of ceramics, and effectiveness of the proposed modifications.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006505
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... properties of aluminum are discussed in terms of tensile properties, stress-strain relationships, and creep. The article also reviews the physical properties of aluminum, such as atomic structure and nuclear properties, atomic spectrum, crystal structure, density, thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity...
Abstract
The purity of aluminum is generally characterized in one of two ways, by terminology or by the Aluminum Association designation system. This article reviews the properties of pure aluminum in purities from 99.99 percent through commercial purity, 99.00 percent. The mechanical properties of aluminum are discussed in terms of tensile properties, stress-strain relationships, and creep. The article also reviews the physical properties of aluminum, such as atomic structure and nuclear properties, atomic spectrum, crystal structure, density, thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity. It discusses the chemical properties of aluminum and presents a summary tabulation of the mechanical strength, ductility, and hardness of pure aluminum.
Image
True-stress/true-strain relationships for stressed U-bends. See text for di...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2003
Fig. 20 True-stress/true-strain relationships for stressed U-bends. See text for discussion of (a) to (e). Source: Ref 27
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0009003
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... Abstract This article provides the definitions of stress and strain, and describes the relationship between stress and strain by stress-strain curves and true-stress/true-strain curves. The emphasis is on understanding the factors that determine the extent of deformation a metal can withstand...
Abstract
This article provides the definitions of stress and strain, and describes the relationship between stress and strain by stress-strain curves and true-stress/true-strain curves. The emphasis is on understanding the factors that determine the extent of deformation a metal can withstand before cracking or fracture occurs. The article reviews the process variables that influence the degree of workability and summarizes the mathematical relationships that describe the occurrence of room-temperature ductile fracture under workability conditions. It discusses the most common situations encountered in multiaxial stress states. The construction of a processing map based on deformation mechanisms is also discussed.
Book Chapter
Mechanical Testing of Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003044
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... environmental exposures fiber-reinforced composite stress-strain relationship flexural test mechanical testing shear test tensile test laminate TENSILE DATA generated in accordance with ASTM D 3039 for polymer-matrix composites and D 3552 for metal-matrix composites are based on coupon-level testing...
Abstract
Testing of fiber-reinforced composite materials is performed to determine uniaxial tensile strength, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio relative to principal material directions, that helps in the prediction of the properties of laminates. Beginning with an overview of the fundamentals of tensile testing of fiber-reinforced composites, this article describes environmental exposures that often occur during specimen preparation and testing. These include exposures during specimen preparation, and planned exposure such as moisture, damage (impact), and thermal cycling techniques. The article also discusses the test procedures, recommended configurations, test specimen considerations, and safety requirements considered in the four major types of mechanical testing of polymer-matrix composites: tensile test, compression test, flexural test, and shear test.
Book Chapter
Deformation and Recrystallization of Titanium and Its Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.a0006282
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
.... Another and more common method of measuring the strain-hardening characteristics of an alloy is by analyzing the tensile stress-strain relationship. Figure 12 shows a typical true stress/true strain diagram obtained by tensile testing a specimen. The test bar is elongated and the load necessary to cause...
Abstract
This article provides an in-depth treatment on the deformation and recrystallization of titanium alloys. It provides information on the predominant mode of plastic deformation that occurs in titanium in terms of the most common crystallographic planes. The article explains the relationship of the recovery process to the recrystallization, grain-growth process, and the effects of time and temperature on stress relief. It describes the factors that influence the rate of recrystallization and the conditions required for neocrystallization to occur. The article explains the mechanism of strain hardening and its effects on the mechanical properties of titanium alloys. It also discusses the factors that influence the superplasticity of titanium alloys.
Image
Stress-time relationships for specified total strains of magnesium alloy ZC...
Available to Purchase
in Properties of Magnesium Alloys
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 39 Stress-time relationships for specified total strains of magnesium alloy ZC63. (a) At 150 °C (300 °F). (b) At 200 °C (390 °F)
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Stress-time relationships for specified creep strains of magnesium alloy ZC...
Available to Purchase
in Properties of Magnesium Alloys
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 40 Stress-time relationships for specified creep strains of magnesium alloy ZC63. (a) At 150 °C (300 °F). (b) At 200 °C (390 °F)
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Book Chapter
Superplastic Deformation at Elevated Temperatures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003292
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
...: (a) the relationship between stress and strain rate, (b) the relationship between strain rate or stress and temperature, (c) the relationship between strain rate or stress and grain size, and (d) the relationship between strain contributed by boundary sliding and total strain. <italic>The Relationship between Stress...
Abstract
Studies on mechanical behavior of superplasticity at or above 50" of the melting point lead to the understanding of superplasticity as a creep phenomenon. This article provides a discussion on the four relationships that define the basic deformation characteristics associated with a creep process: the stress and strain rate, strain rate or stress and temperature, strain rate or stress and grain size, and strain contributed by boundary sliding and total strain. The article describes the deformation characteristics and mechanisms of low-stress region, intermediate-stress region, and high-stress region. It also discusses the effect of impurities on superplastic flow and concludes with information on grain growth during testing.
Book Chapter
Introduction to the Mechanical Behavior of Metals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003254
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... Abstract Mechanical properties are described as the relationship between forces (or stresses) acting on a material and the resistance of the material to deformation (i.e., strains) and fracture. This article briefly introduces the typical relationships between metallurgical features...
Abstract
Mechanical properties are described as the relationship between forces (or stresses) acting on a material and the resistance of the material to deformation (i.e., strains) and fracture. This article briefly introduces the typical relationships between metallurgical features and the mechanical behavior of metals. It explains the deformation and fracture mechanisms of these metals. Typical properties measured during mechanical testing related to these deformation mechanisms and the microstructures of metals are discussed. The article reviews the various factors that affect the deformation response of the metal: strain rate, temperature, nature of loading, stress-corrosion cracking, and presence of notches.
Book Chapter
Principles of Shearing, Blanking, and Piercing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005116
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... of punching are also discussed. The article describes the relationship of the die clearance to stress-strain curves and explains the procedure of interpreting the stress-strain curves. The article concludes with information on the dynamic stripping forces in blanking. blanking deformation dynamic...
Abstract
Many shearing, blanking, and piercing operations are based on the same underlying principles of shear mechanisms. This article provides information on the various operations associated with die cutting and describes three phases involved in the shear cutting or punching action. These phases include deformation, penetration and fracture. The article also explains the effect of clearance on tool life and force and power requirements. It reviews the forces involved in the punching process and describes the diameter of a hole or blank in relation to material thickness. The limitations of punching are also discussed. The article describes the relationship of the die clearance to stress-strain curves and explains the procedure of interpreting the stress-strain curves. The article concludes with information on the dynamic stripping forces in blanking.
Book Chapter
Mechanical Properties of Gray Irons
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006344
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
...%. (b) CE = 3.55 wt%. (c) CE = 3.72 wt%. (d) CE = 4.32 wt%. Source: Ref 18 Fig. 11 Elastic modulus as a function of temperature in various alloyed gray cast irons. Source: Ref 19 Because the stress-strain relationship for gray iron is not linear, the modulus of elasticity cannot...
Abstract
A wide range of mechanical properties can be obtained with a given composition of cast iron, depending on the microstructural constituents that form during solidification and subsequent solid-state processing. This article discusses the mechanical properties of gray iron and provides some general property comparisons with malleable, ductile (nodular), and compacted graphite irons. The mechanical properties of gray iron are determined by the combined effects of its chemical composition, processing technique in the foundry, and cooling rates during solidification. The article provides information on the classification of gray irons based on ASTM International specification A48/A48M. It discusses the loading effect, surface effect, notch sensitivity, and environmental effect on the mechanical properties of gray iron. The chemical composition ranges of some of the more widely used heat-resistant gray irons suitable for elevated-temperature service are presented in a table.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Mechanical Testing of Components
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003321
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... loads, dynamic loads, and high-temperature materials. The article describes the general properties related to monotonic stress-strain behavior of steels. It also discusses materials properties and operating stresses as well as other factors, such as part shape and environmental effects, which play...
Abstract
This article describes the tests for the common types of fabricated components and modeling of metal deformation. It provides an overview of component testing and briefly reviews the relationship of mechanical properties in the process of mechanical design for static loads, cyclic loads, dynamic loads, and high-temperature materials. The article describes the general properties related to monotonic stress-strain behavior of steels. It also discusses materials properties and operating stresses as well as other factors, such as part shape and environmental effects, which play significant roles in the design process of components.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006442
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... external field. The relationship between uniaxial stress and angular-dependent strain is also discussed. The influence of stress on domain walls, and therefore, the generation of Barkhausen noise are described. The article also describes the directional and angular MBN measurements and provides information...
Abstract
This article discusses the principles and limitations of micromagnetic techniques, namely, magnetic Barkhausen noise (MBN) and magnetoacoustic emission (MAE). It also discusses various factors limiting the establishment of acceptance criteria for test components as they pertain to the successful application of MBN measurement and signal interpretation. The article provides an overview of basic magnetic phenomena and dynamics in ferromagnetic materials that underlie the origin of MBN emissions. It describes the changes in the domain structure of the ferromagnetic material under an applied external field. The relationship between uniaxial stress and angular-dependent strain is also discussed. The influence of stress on domain walls, and therefore, the generation of Barkhausen noise are described. The article also describes the directional and angular MBN measurements and provides information on detection, angular dependence, and advanced analysis methods of MBN emissions.
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