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stress raisers
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 33 Effect of stress raisers on stress concentration and distribution of stress at several changes of form in components. (a) to (c) Progressive increases in stress with decreasing fillet radii. (d) to (f) Relative magnitude and distribution of stress resulting from uniform loading. (g
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Image
Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 42 Effect of stress raisers on stress concentration and distribution of stress at several changes of form in components. (a) to (c) Progressive increases in stress with decreasing fillet radii. (d) to (f) Relative magnitude and distribution of stress resulting from uniform loading. (g
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in Failure Analysis of Welded Structures
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 8 Even welds with good quality introduce stress raisers, for example (a) weld toes, weld roots, and the ends of welds as well as (b) intermittent welds.
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Image
in Failures of Rolling-Element Bearings and Their Prevention
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 55 Schematic effect of an inclusion as a stress raiser on the Hertzian stress distribution (case of a line contact). Source: Ref 6
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Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002401
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... Abstract The mechanism of contact fatigue can be understood in terms of several sources of stress concentration, or stress raisers, within the macroscopic Hertzian stress field. This article focuses primarily on rolling contact fatigue of hardened bearing steels. It discusses Hertzian shear...
Abstract
The mechanism of contact fatigue can be understood in terms of several sources of stress concentration, or stress raisers, within the macroscopic Hertzian stress field. This article focuses primarily on rolling contact fatigue of hardened bearing steels. It discusses Hertzian shear stresses at and below the contact surfaces and briefly summarizes bearings and gear characteristics. The article provides an overview of the key types of gear and bearing steels. It analyzes two types of macropitting that result from the subsurface growth of fatigue cracks, namely, subsurface-origin macropitting and surface-origin macropitting. The article describes the factors influencing contact fatigue life of hardened steel bearings and gears, including hardness, inclusions, carbides, and residual stresses.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001818
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article discusses the effect of using unsuitable alloys, metallurgical discontinuities, fabrication practices, and stress raisers on the failure of a pressure vessel. It provides information on pressure vessels made of composite materials and their welding practices. The article...
Abstract
This article discusses the effect of using unsuitable alloys, metallurgical discontinuities, fabrication practices, and stress raisers on the failure of a pressure vessel. It provides information on pressure vessels made of composite materials and their welding practices. The article explains the failure of pressure vessels with emphasis on stress-corrosion cracking, hydrogen embrittlement, brittle and ductile fractures, creep and stress rupture, and fatigue with examples.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003538
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... geometric factors and materials aspects that influence the stress-strain behavior and fracture of ductile metals. It highlights fractures arising from manufacturing imperfections and stress raisers. The article presents a root cause failure analysis case history to illustrate some of the fractography...
Abstract
This article provides a description of the microscale models and mechanisms for deformation and fracture. Macroscale and microscale appearances of ductile and brittle fracture are discussed for various specimen geometries and loading conditions. The article reviews the general geometric factors and materials aspects that influence the stress-strain behavior and fracture of ductile metals. It highlights fractures arising from manufacturing imperfections and stress raisers. The article presents a root cause failure analysis case history to illustrate some of the fractography concepts.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006810
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... of distortion and corrosion on shafts. Finally, it discusses the types of stress raisers and the influence of changes in shaft diameter. axial fatigue bending fatigue brittle fracture connecting rods contact fatigue corrosion distortion ductile fracture piston rods shafts torsional fatigue wear...
Abstract
In addition to failures in shafts, this article discusses failures in connecting rods, which translate rotary motion to linear motion (and conversely), and in piston rods, which translate the action of fluid power to linear motion. It begins by discussing the origins of fracture. Next, the article describes the background information about the shaft used for examination. Then, it focuses on various failures in shafts, namely bending fatigue, torsional fatigue, axial fatigue, contact fatigue, wear, brittle fracture, and ductile fracture. Further, the article discusses the effects of distortion and corrosion on shafts. Finally, it discusses the types of stress raisers and the influence of changes in shaft diameter.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006775
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
..., bending, torsion). Finally, the factors influencing the appearance of a fracture surface and various imperfections or stress raisers are described, followed by a root-cause failure analysis case history to illustrate some of these fractography concepts. brittle fracture crack nucleation crack...
Abstract
This article focuses on characterizing the fracture-surface appearance at the microscale and contains some discussion on both crack nucleation and propagation mechanisms that cause the fracture appearance. It begins with a discussion on microscale models and mechanisms for deformation and fracture. Next, the mechanisms of void nucleation and void coalescence are briefly described. Macroscale and microscale appearances of ductile and brittle fracture are then discussed for various specimen geometries (smooth cylindrical and prismatic) and loading conditions (e.g., tension compression, bending, torsion). Finally, the factors influencing the appearance of a fracture surface and various imperfections or stress raisers are described, followed by a root-cause failure analysis case history to illustrate some of these fractography concepts.
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in Failures of Pressure Vessels and Process Piping
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 42 (a) Cross section with a large thickness transition introducing a stress raiser. (b) Weld cross section
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Image
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 5 Section through the forged head of a threaded fastener. The uniform grain flow minimizes stress raisers and unfavorable shear planes. Source: Ref 7
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 6 Section through the forged head of a threaded fastener. The uniform grain flow minimizes stress raisers and unfavorable shear planes. Source: Ref 4
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Image
Published: 01 November 2010
Fig. 49 Micrograph of large graphite flakes of gray cast irons or clusters having a preferable orientation of flakes and located near the casting surface. These serve as an appreciable stress raiser. Source: Ref 1
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Image
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 10 Uniform, unbroken grain flow around the contours of the forged head of a threaded fastener. The uniform, unbroken grain flow minimizes stress raisers and unfavorable shear planes and therefore improves fatigue strength.
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in Mechanisms and Appearances of Ductile and Brittle Fracture in Metals
> Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 01 January 2002
specimen (b) does not have shear lips, because the fracture initiates near the root of the notch (and completely around the specimens in this idealized case without additional stress raisers).
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Image
in Mechanisms and Appearances of Ductile and Brittle Fracture in Metals
> Failure Analysis and Prevention
Published: 15 January 2021
specimen (b) does not have shear lips, because the fracture initiates near the root of the notch (and completely around the specimens in this idealized case without additional stress raisers).
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Image
Published: 01 December 2004
) does not have shear lips, because the fracture initiates near the root of the notch (and completely around the specimens in this idealized case without additional stress raisers). Source: Ref 9
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Image
Published: 01 June 2024
Fig. 22 This shaft has a machined groove on the outer circumference. This acted as a stress raiser, resulting in increased crack growth rate at the surface (green arrows). The shape of the fatigue zone reflects this, as noted by the S-shaped beach mark (upper yellow line). As this nonuniform
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Image
Published: 01 January 2005
bend radius and tensile load is important to avoid local stress raisers that can influence stress-associated failures. Materials choice should be dictated by the specific environment and from application experience. Outer nonmetallic containment jackets (elastomeric, plastics) provide protection
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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001808
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... stressed area—typically a stress raiser, which may be mechanical, metallurgical, or sometimes a combination of the two. Mechanical stress raisers include such features as small fillets, sharp corners, grooves, splines, keyways, nicks, and press or shrink fits. Shafts often break at edges of press-fitted...
Abstract
This article discusses failures in shafts such as connecting rods, which translate rotary motion to linear motion, and in piston rods, which translate the action of fluid power to linear motion. It describes the process of examining a failed shaft to guide the direction of failure investigation and corrective action. Fatigue failures in shafts, such as bending fatigue, torsional fatigue, contact fatigue, and axial fatigue, are reviewed. The article provides information on the brittle fracture, ductile fracture, distortion, and corrosion of shafts. Abrasive wear and adhesive wear of metal parts are also discussed. The article concludes with a discussion on the influence of metallurgical factors and fabrication practices on the fatigue properties of materials, as well as the effects of surface coatings.
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