Fig. 12 Spin wave stiffness, D (see Eq 10 ), as a function of iron concentration in Fe x Ni 80− x P 14 B 6 . The arrow marks the concentration at which the FM phase disappears (see Fig. 1b ). More

Fig. 8 Effect of press stiffness C on contact time under pressure t p . (a) Stiffer press (larger C ). (b) Less stiff press (smaller C ). S r and S th are the real and theoretical displacement-time curves, respectively; L p1 and L p2 are the load changes during pressure More

Fig. 14 Die used to form open bead in flat sheet to add stiffness to material More

Fig. 6 Schematic illustration of the polar plot of the inverse of stiffness showing bumps at easy growth directions More

Fig. 8 High-temperature strength and stiffness of a titanium MMC compared to conventional alloy Ti-6Al-4V. Produced using powder metallurgy techniques, the MMC consists of a Ti-6Al-4V matrix reinforced with 10% titanium carbide (TiC) particles. Source: Ref 16 More

Fig. 15 Dependence of load and stiffness on size for a journal bearing. Source: Ref 11 More

Fig. 7 Effects of piston-skirt flexibility/stiffness on skirt-liner friction. Source: Ref 32 More

Fig. 9 Laminate stiffness provided by a range of prepreg reinforcement types. Range shows the effect of lay-up. UD, unidirectional; HS, high strength; IM, intermediate modulus; HM, high modulus More

Fig. 3 Materials selection chart depicting normalized strength and stiffness characteristics for various materials systems. Note the high amount of anisotropy (or directional dependence) in composite materials, which can be exploited to create extremely lightweight structures. DRA More

Fig. 10 Effects of moisture and temperature on lamina stiffness measured at room temperature More

Fig. 8 Effect of temperature on the stiffness of composites. Above the glass transition temperature, T g , the composite softens. More

Fig. 8 Panel stiffness criteria. (a) α= 1, pure membrane resistance. (b) α= 2, oil-canning resistance. (c) α= 3, flat panel bending More

Fig. 1 Specific strength and specific stiffness of existing aerospace structural materials with isotropic properties, including metal alloys, discontinuously reinforced aluminum (DRA), discontinuously reinforced titanium (DRTi), and cross-plied graphite/epoxy (Gr/Ep). Graphite/epoxy/overlaps More

Fig. 55 Trends in the fatigue life diagram induced by fiber stiffness and matrix ductility More

Fig. 6 Simplified one-dimensional expression of a solder joint series stiffness system More

Fig. 19 Effect of adherend stiffness imbalance on adherend bending strength of single-lap bonded joints. Thinner adherend t 1 critical in combined bending and axial load at end of overlap More

Fig. 12 Load-displacement data for fused quartz showing machine stiffness corrections at two peak loads: (a) 7 mN and (b) 600 mN. The correct machine stiffness is 6.8 × 10 6 N/m, while the value K m = 1 × 10 30 is used to represent an infinite stiffness. The plots illustrate More

Fig. 30 Stiffness softening of poly(urea-urethane) nanohybrid elastomer (PUU-POSS) scaffolds under compression. (a) Optical images of surface and cross section of the scaffolds with infill densities 80–30% made by 3D, thermally induced phase separation. (b) Scanning electron microscope images More

Fig. 7 Simple anatomical model. A patient suffered from elbow stiffness and pain due to a sports-related fracture. (a) A preoperative computed tomography scan was used to segment the patient’s left humerus (yellow), radius (red), and ulna (blue), using Mimics Medical 23.0 (Materialise). (b More

Fig. 14 (a) Changes in elastic stiffness constant ( c ′) depending on the valence electron density ( e / a ). (b) Variation in anisotropy of Young’s modulus in β-type titanium alloy single crystals. (c) Development of low-Young’s-modulus implant by aligning the <100> along the bone axis More