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stepped-lap joints
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Published: 01 January 2001
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003384
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... Abstract This article provides a discussion on adhesively bonded joints and elastic-plastic mathematical model for an adhesive in shear. It discusses the design rules for thin bonded structures and reviews computer programs for the highly loaded stepped-lap joints. The article describes the two...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on adhesively bonded joints and elastic-plastic mathematical model for an adhesive in shear. It discusses the design rules for thin bonded structures and reviews computer programs for the highly loaded stepped-lap joints. The article describes the two-dimensional effects associated with load redistribution around flaws and with damage tolerance. The elastic-isotropic geometric stress-concentration factors and empirically established correlation factors of mechanically fastened joints are discussed. The article provides information on the identification of optimal joint proportions for single-row joints, and the design and analysis of the stronger multirow joints, with particular regard to the bearing-bypass interaction.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001468
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... of the joint. The effect of several important design variables will be illustrated by application of the A4EI STEPLAP analysis computer program ( Ref 5 ). The capabilities of the A4EI program include: Elastic or elastic-plastic stress distributions Stepped-lap adhesively bonded splices or doublers...
Image
Published: 01 January 1993
Fig. 7 Adhesive shear stress distribution for an adhesively bonded stepped-lap joint generated using the STEPLAP computer program
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Published: 01 January 2001
Image
Published: 01 January 2001
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001378
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... Abstract Cold pressure welding can be accomplished by deforming in a lap or butt configuration, drawing, extrusion, and rolling. This article provides a discussion on cold pressure lap welding, cold pressure butt welding and cold pressure welding in drawing process with illustrations...
Abstract
Cold pressure welding can be accomplished by deforming in a lap or butt configuration, drawing, extrusion, and rolling. This article provides a discussion on cold pressure lap welding, cold pressure butt welding and cold pressure welding in drawing process with illustrations. It provides information on the combinations of metals that can be successfully cold welded.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003444
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... strength tests more appropriate in design of joints are discussed later in this section as well as in MIL-HDBK-17, Volume 1, Section 7.2.5. Single-Shear Bearing Strength of Joints This section describes single-shear test specimens required to obtain bearing strength of single-lap joints...
Abstract
This article explores why structural element and subcomponent testing are conducted. It discusses the different types of failure modes in composites, and provides information on the testing methodology, fixturing, instrumentation, and data reporting. The article reviews various standard elements used to characterize composite materials for the various failure modes. Simple structural-element testing under in-plane unidirectional, multidirectional, and combined loading, as well as out-of-plane loading are discussed. Simple bolted and bonded joints, as well as data correlation are reviewed with analytical predictions. The article also provides a list of the ASTM testing standards applicable at the element level of testing for both polymer-matrix composites and metal-matrix composites. It concludes with a discussion on durability and damage tolerance testing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... of the adherends), as shown in Fig. 2 . The thinner members can be joined effectively by simple, uniformly thick overlaps, while thicker members require the more complex stepped-lap joints. The special difference that sets apart orthotropic materials, such as the advanced composites, from isotropic materials...
Abstract
The structural efficiency of a composite structure is established by its joints and assembly. Adhesive bonding, mechanical fastening, and fusion bonding are three types of joining methods for polymer-matrix composites. This article provides information on surface treatment and the applications of adhesive bonding. It discusses the types of adhesives, namely, epoxy adhesives, epoxy-phenolic adhesives, condensation-reaction PI adhesives, addition-reaction PI adhesives, bismaleimide adhesives, and structural adhesives. The article provides information on fastener selection considerations, including corrosion compatibility, fastener materials and strength, head configurations, importance of clamp-up, interference fit fasteners, lightning strike protection, blind fastening, and sensitivity to hole quality. Types of fusion bonding are presented, namely, thermal welding, friction welding, electromagnetic welding, and polymer-coated material welding.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003458
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... a scarf joint or stepped-lap joint. Generally the damage removed results in a scarfed section, and the replacement plies are stepped ( Fig. 13 ). For preliminary design purposes, a scarf joint analysis is used. In the simple analysis, try to maintain stiffness and thermal coefficient of expansion balance...
Abstract
This article discusses three typical repair types for composite structures: temporary repairs, adhesively bonded repairs, and bolted repairs. It contains a table that lists general design requirements and considerations for the repair of composite structures. The article describes ten steps for an engineering repair approach to effectively restore structural integrity to damaged composite components. Management, validation and certification of repairs are also discussed. The article presents the design guidelines for analyzing the damage and possible strategies for making a repair. It reviews three repair schemes used in repair design analysis, namely, core replacement, adhesively bonded patch, and mechanically fastened patch. The article also emphasizes the various pitfalls and problems in repair design for composite structures.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001375
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... to joints fabricated with foil interlayers, which may only require a single solid-state welding step. However, methods utilizing coated interlayers have the advantage over foil interlayers in not requiring solid-state welding at the interlayer/base-metal interface. Solid-state welding of some interlayer...
Abstract
This article describes low-temperature solid-state welding processes in relation to the interlayer fabrication method, welding method, and welding parameters. The interlayer fabrication method is used to produce vacuum coated interlayers, electrodeposited interlayers, and foil interlayers. The article discusses welding methods, including uniaxial compression and hot isostatic pressing. The article provides information on the effect of base-metal surface finish on the tensile strength of joints solid-state welded using silver interlayers in tabular form and addresses the surface cleaning steps of base-metals.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001467
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... structure in such materials is a key attribute for good performance at extreme temperatures. Because of grain-structure considerations, it is often preferable to use resistance welds, braze welds, or both in a lap joint, rather than a butt joint, where there is invariably a through-thickness...
Abstract
Oxide - dispersion - strengthened (ODS) materials utilize extremely fine oxide dispersion for strengthening, such as nickel-base alloys or alumina. The processing techniques employed in the production of ODS alloys produce some entrapped gases, which tend to create porosity during welding that can be rectified by suitable designing considerations. This article discusses certain successful design strategies employed in joining ODS alloys in consideration with the grain structure. It further provides a brief discussion on different welding processes involved in joining ODS materials, namely, gas-tungsten arc welding, gas-metal arc welding, electron-beam and laser-beam welding, resistance welding, furnace brazing, friction welding, and explosion welding.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005608
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... together under pressure by circular electrodes. The resulting weld is a series of overlapping spot welds made progressively along a joint by rotating the electrodes.” Seam welding machines are capable of making two types of lap joint. A continuous, pressure-tight joint ( Fig. 1 ) is produced...
Abstract
This article describes the process applications, advantages, and limitations of resistance seam welding. The fundamentals of lap seam welding are also reviewed. The article details the types of seam welds, namely, lap seam welds and mash seam welds, and the processing equipment used for lap seam welding. The primary factors used to determine the selection of electrodes, including alloy type and wheel configuration, are reviewed. The article also describes weld quality and process control procedures.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003489
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... ensuring that the surface fibers in a joint are parallel to the direction of load to minimize interlaminar shear, or failure of the bonded substrate layer. In designs in which joint areas have been machined to a step-lap configuration, for example, it is possible to have a joint interface composed...
Abstract
Adhesive bonding is used to assemble composite components into larger structures. Finished components that are damaged during assembly or service are often repaired with adhesive-bonding techniques. This article summarizes criteria for adhesive selection and illustrates typical secondary adhesively bonded joint configurations. It discusses the highly loaded joint considerations of adhesives. The article describes the epoxy adhesives commonly used for the bonding or repair of composite structures. It discusses the surface preparation of composites and metals, and honeycomb processing, including perimeter trimming, mechanical forming, heat forming, core splicing, contouring, and cleaning. The article presents basic steps involved in the adhesive-bonding process and concludes with a discussion on adhesive applications and tooling.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001455
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
...-active and fluoride-active types of fluxes that are used for torch, furnace, or dip brazing processes. The article explains the steps to be performed, including the designing of joints, preblaze cleaning, assembling, brazing techniques (dip brazing, furnace and torch brazing, fluxless vacuum brazing...
Abstract
Aluminum, a commonly used base material for brazing, can be easily fabricated by most manufacturing methods, such as machining, forming, and stamping. This article outlines non-heat-treatable wrought alloys typically used as base metals for the brazing process. It highlights chloride-active and fluoride-active types of fluxes that are used for torch, furnace, or dip brazing processes. The article explains the steps to be performed, including the designing of joints, preblaze cleaning, assembling, brazing techniques (dip brazing, furnace and torch brazing, fluxless vacuum brazing), flux removal techniques, and postbraze heat treatment processes. It concludes with information on the safety precautions to be followed during the brazing process.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006457
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... by radiography when the x-ray beam centerline is parallel to the core cell walls, as shown in Fig. 14 . Fig. 14 Radiographic illustration of a blown core Voids in Foam Adhesive Joints Defects in core-to-closure, core-to-core splice, core-to-trailing-edge fitting, and chemically milled steps...
Abstract
Adhesive-bonded joints are extensively used in aircraft components and assemblies where structural integrity is critical. This article addresses the problem of how to inspect bonded assemblies so that all discrepancies are identified. It describes several inspection techniques and presents drawbacks and limitations of these techniques. Generic flaw types and flaw-producing mechanisms are listed in a table. The article discusses metal-to-metal defects, adherend defects, honeycomb sandwich defects, repair defects, and in-service defects. It reviews the methods applicable to the inspection of bonded structures, including visual inspection, ultrasonic inspection, X-ray radiography, and neutron radiography. The evaluation and correlation of inspection results are also discussed. The article concludes with information on the effects of ultrasonic wave interference in the ultrasonic inspection of adhesive-bonded joints.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003451
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... required from the repair. Bonded repairs (hot or cold cured) may be made with overlap joints, stepped lap joints, or scarf joints. All of these must be made strictly to the OEM repair instructions using only the specified type. Bolted repairs to solid laminate structures can be used with either titanium...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005629
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... threads on the other, to drive material flow toward the centerline of the workpiece. Due to the high loads in the probe, self-reacting FSW has been demonstrated only on aluminum alloys. Lap Welding In lap welding, the original joint line is perpendicular to the tool axis. Standard FSW tool...
Abstract
A key differentiator between friction stir welding (FSW) and other friction welding processes is the presence of a nonconsumable tool in FSW, often referred to as a pin tool to differentiate it from other tooling associated with the process. This article discusses materials for friction stir welding (FSW) pin tools, various tool geometries that have been used, designs for specific applications, predicting and measuring tool performance, and other considerations in FSW pin tool design. The tool materials include tool steels, superalloys, refractory metals, carbides and ceramics, and superabrasives.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001445
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... in the article “Laser-Beam Welding” in this Volume. In the present article, the steps that must be considered when selecting the LBW process will be described. Included will be a review of the individual process variables that influence procedure development of the process. In addition, joint design...
Abstract
Laser-beam welding (LBW) is a joining process that produces coalescence of material with the heat obtained from the application of a concentrated coherent light beam impinging upon the surface to be welded. This article describes the steps that must be considered when selecting the LBW process. It reviews the individual process variables that influence procedure development of the LBW process. Joint design and special practices related to LBW are discussed. The article concludes with a discussion on the use of consumables and special welding practices.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006530
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... to be bonded and the performance requirements of the bonded joint. It may include a simple surface-cleaning step, a chemical conversion of the substrate surface, and/or the application of a suitable inorganic or organic coating. Surface Pretreatment The aluminum surface is a complex transition zone...
Abstract
Adhesive bonding is a proven technology in the manufacture of automotive assemblies, helping carmakers achieve weight reduction goals without compromising body stiffness, crash performance, and noise-vibration-handling characteristics. This article discusses the advantages and limitations of adhesive-bonded aluminum joints and the procedures used to produce them. It addresses surface preparation, the addition of interfacial coatings and primers, and the application of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins. The article examines the nature and role of the various layers that constitute the joint and explains how each contributes to performance. It also discusses adhesive selection factors, joint design, and testing procedures.
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