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steel casting junctions
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Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009024
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Abstract In most castings, there are junctions between intersecting component members. This article describes how defects can be eliminated in five types of junctions in steel castings, namely the L-junction, T-junction, V-junction, X-junction, and Y-junction. It also discusses design...
Abstract
In most castings, there are junctions between intersecting component members. This article describes how defects can be eliminated in five types of junctions in steel castings, namely the L-junction, T-junction, V-junction, X-junction, and Y-junction. It also discusses design considerations for junctions in aluminum castings and provides a comparison between the T-junction and Y-junction. Finally, the article illustrates recommended methods for minimizing defects where sections of unequal thickness form a junction.
Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 14 Y-junctions caused porosity in this 17-4 PH stainless steel investment casting. (a) Revising to T-junctions. (b) eliminated the cause of the defects.
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Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009025
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... is questionable. A cast fitting made of a precipitation-hardening stainless steel is shown in Fig. 1(b) . Although the molten steel had good fluidity, and no difficulty was encountered in producing a sound casting, distortion was a serious problem. The junction of the two walls formed an area of increased...
Abstract
This article discusses distortion due to differences in solidification times and its two solutions. The solutions include compensating the distortion in a pattern in the direction opposite to that of the observed distortion and increasing the section thickness of an end member and subsequently machining the section to the desired size. The distortion due to mold restraint and its elimination by redesigning or by adding tie bars are described. The article reviews the distortion that occurs in heat treating and its solution. It concludes with a discussion on the influence of alloy to be cast on distortion.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009022
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... to be produced to class 1A quality. Fig. 13 A critical application necessitated class 1A quality for this type 347 stainless steel investment casting. Hot tearing at the junctions and porosity in the body, which resulted from too-rapid solidification within the uniform wall of the tubular section, were...
Abstract
In many castings, functional requirements dictate that walls be uniform or nearly uniform in thickness. Many problems in producing castings having walls of uniform thickness are associated with the premature freezing of molten metal before all parts of the mold cavity have been filled. This article discusses the design problems and solutions of various castings, such as sand, shell mold, permanent mold, and investment castings, with illustrations.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005299
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Abstract Sand mold and permanent mold casting are the major methods for shape casting of steels, with production closely split among green sand, chemically bonded sand, and permanent mold processes. This article describes key aspects of the steel casting process, including steel solidification...
Abstract
Sand mold and permanent mold casting are the major methods for shape casting of steels, with production closely split among green sand, chemically bonded sand, and permanent mold processes. This article describes key aspects of the steel casting process, including steel solidification characteristics, melting practices, melt treatment, and feeding of the molten steel into the mold used in steel foundries. It discusses the features of melting furnaces used in direct arc melting and induction melting. It reviews factors such as wall thickness and designing for avoidance of hot spots. The article explains the sand casting and permanent mold casting of steel. The process design and casting of thin sections are also discussed.
Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 13 A critical application necessitated class 1A quality for this type 347 stainless steel investment casting. Hot tearing at the junctions and porosity in the body, which resulted from too-rapid solidification within the uniform wall of the tubular section, were eliminated by tapering
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Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009021
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... was encountered in the production of the alloy steel part shown in Fig. 7 . This casting was molded in the position shown, because, had the mold been inverted, the heavy section at the junction of the shaft and plate sections could not have been fed through the long shaft. Because of its diameter, the entrance...
Abstract
Thin sections save weight and thus contribute to a more favorable strength-to-weight ratio. By requiring a smaller volume of metal, thin walls may also lower casting costs, particularly when an expensive alloy is being poured. This article discusses the design problems in thin-wall steel sand castings, thin-wall aluminum and magnesium castings, thin-wall permanent mold castings, and thin-wall investment castings, with schematic illustrations.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009015
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
.... The tables only provide a brief overview only for general approximate comparison. Ferrous metals, steel, gray and ductile iron, account for nearly 75% of all metals cast. On the nonferrous side, high-pressure die casting (HPDC) is the dominant process, largely because it readily accommodates scrap-based...
Abstract
This article provides a general introduction on casting processes and design techniques. It discusses the process steps and methods of the main categories of shape casting methods, namely, expendable molds with permanent patterns, expendable molds with expendable patterns, and metal or permanent mold processes. The article lists the general guidelines of geometry in casting design. It describes the three separate contractions that are a result of cooling: liquid-liquid contraction, solid-solid contraction, and liquid-solid contraction. Factors influencing the solidification sequence of simple shapes, such as T-sections, X-sections, and L-sections, are discussed. The article also presents an overview of geometric factors that influence heat transfer and transport phenomena. It concludes with a description of the structure and properties of castings.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005221
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... prepriming or a naturally pressurized system may be the only good solution at the present time to the gravity pouring of heavy steel castings using a bottom-teemed ladle. Perhaps the pouring of melts at any stage during the melting or casting process may ultimately be avoided in new designs of future...
Abstract
This article introduces filling and feeding concepts from the general perspective of what constitutes a good casting practice. It briefly reviews the concepts that may help to clarify and quantify objectives for more effective mold-filling designs. The article describes the preprimed filling system through various partial solutions to the prepriming approach. It discusses the six individual parts of the naturally pressurized filling system, namely, offset stepped pouring basin, sprue, sprue/runner junction, runner, gates, and feeding via feeders. The article also lists the key features of the system.
Image
Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 4 Stereo view of a fracture surface of cast experimental low-carbon steel. The smooth columnar contours in the lower portions of the photographs were the result of cracking along prior austenite grain boundaries during straightening. The upper portions of the photographs also show
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Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003176
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... sections should freeze progressively, allowing the riser to supply liquid metal to feed shrinkage occurring during solidification. There are a number of excellent summaries of principles of good casting design (for example, the Steel Castings Handbook, jointly published by the Steel Founders' Society...
Abstract
This article provides general guidelines for casting design to provide progressive solidification, minimize heat concentration, eliminate cores, and prevent distortion. Casting design also affects tolerances. Casting tolerances depend on the alloy being poured, the size of the casting, and the molding method used. Designers can predict the effect of the design on the structure of the final part using solidification simulation models, namely finite element and finite difference models, and rapid prototyping. The article concludes with a short note on how the quality is assured in the foundry.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009020
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Abstract Casting offers a great amount of component design flexibility. This article discusses six casting design parameters that drive the geometry of casting design from a process standpoint. It provides information on the design of junctions and addresses considerations of secondary...
Abstract
Casting offers a great amount of component design flexibility. This article discusses six casting design parameters that drive the geometry of casting design from a process standpoint. It provides information on the design of junctions and addresses considerations of secondary operations in design. The article describes the factors that control casting tolerances and presents specific tips for designing castings with uniform wall thickness, unequal sections, thin sections, economical coring, functional packaging, and core design. The article provides a framework for analyzing all manners of manufacturing as possible conversion candidates for casting. It concludes with a discussion on different metalcasting design projects.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006303
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... for all varieties of cast iron and all varieties of molds. It discusses the general conditions for the filling system layout, including the downsprue, sprue/runner junction, and runner. Both gray cast iron and compacted graphite iron exhibit a growth of graphite in direct contact with the liquid metal...
Abstract
Gray cast iron is one of the most tolerant of metals when used with poorly designed filling systems. Good filling systems are necessary for the production of sound and acceptable ductile iron castings. This article presents an outline description of well-designed filling systems for all varieties of cast iron and all varieties of molds. It discusses the general conditions for the filling system layout, including the downsprue, sprue/runner junction, and runner. Both gray cast iron and compacted graphite iron exhibit a growth of graphite in direct contact with the liquid metal. The article concludes with a discussion on feeding of ductile iron.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003139
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... performance of die-cast AZ91 test specimens as compared to the range of performance observed for cold-rolled steel and die-cast aluminum alloy 380 samples. Such results have led to the definition of the critical contaminant limits for two magnesium-aluminum alloys in both low- and high-pressure cast form...
Abstract
This article discusses the effects of heavy metal impurities, environmental factors, the surface condition (such as as-cast, treated, and painted), and the assembly practice on the corrosion resistance of a magnesium or a magnesium alloy part. It provides information on stress-corrosion cracking and galvanic corrosion of magnesium alloys, as well as the surface protection of magnesium assemblies achieved by inorganic surface treatments.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002484
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... moduli of 50 are routinely produced for use as primary structures for commercial aircraft ( Ref 3 , 4 ). For carefully made thin sections, the Weibull modulus can be above 80 ( Ref 5 ), well above that expected for forgings. Ductile iron, most cast steel alloys, and copper-base alloys commonly have...
Abstract
Casting offers the cost advantages over other manufacturing methods for most components. This article reviews the aspects of castings with which designers should be familiar, as well as the methods used by foundries to produce high-integrity castings. It discusses the design concepts that designers and foundries can use to obtain maximum performance from cast parts. The article describes the effects of casting discontinuities on properties, including porosity, inclusions, hot tears, metal penetration, and surface defects. A discussion on hot isostatic pressing treatment of castings is also provided. The article concludes with information on solidification simulation and its use in designing castings.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... to the parting line and anchored at both ends Recommended maximum lengths for horizontal sand cores supported at both ends are given in Fig. 4(a) , for steel, aluminum, and magnesium castings. Such cores often bend upward because of the buoyant force of the molten metal. Steel causes more bending than...
Abstract
Cores are separate shapes, of sand, metal, or plaster, that are placed in the mold to provide castings with contours, cavities, and passages. Cored holes should be designed simply as the intended function of the casting permits. This article describes the designing of casting for the use of sand cores and to eliminate cores, with illustrations. It provides general rules for designing cored holes in investment castings. The article discusses the general principles of coremaking with illustrations. It concludes with a comparison between coring and drilling.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... the use of padding because of the impracticability of risering an isolated section. The sand cast steel gear housing shown schematically in Fig. 2 contains an internal web that supports a bearing boss totally inaccessible to direct risering. A preliminary casting, made as a test for unsoundness, showed...
Abstract
This article addresses the problems of designing isolated heavy sections that are functionally essential. It describes the two most efficient solutions to these problems over which the designer has control: providing flow and feed paths and reducing the mass of the isolated sections. The article concludes with a discussion on designs that reduce the mass of a remote section.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006513
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... Abstract Aluminum casting in steel and iron permanent molds is used widely throughout industry, and the vast majority of permanent mold castings are made of aluminum and its alloys. There are several methods used to cast aluminum in permanent molds. This article focuses on permanent mold...
Abstract
Aluminum casting in steel and iron permanent molds is used widely throughout industry, and the vast majority of permanent mold castings are made of aluminum and its alloys. There are several methods used to cast aluminum in permanent molds. This article focuses on permanent mold casting with molten aluminum fed by gravity, low pressure, vacuum and centrifugal pressure, and squeeze casting. It discusses the major variables that affect the life of permanent molds, including pouring temperature, casting shape, cooling methods, heating cycles, storage, and cleaning. The article reviews the basic components of mold coatings: refractory fillers, binder, and carrier. Casting defects and suggested corrective actions for permanent mold casting are summarized in a table. The article concludes with a discussion on thin-wall permanent-mold castings.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009016
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... of the final casting. Liquid shrinkage and solidification shrinkage are the concern of risering practice. In the absence of risers, a casting would otherwise solidify as shown in Fig. 2 . Fig. 1 Schematic of the shrinkage of low-carbon steel. The contribution of each one of the three distinct stages...
Abstract
The role of an engineer in designing risers is to make sure that risers provide the feed metal in the right amount, at the right place, and at the right time. This article addresses feed metal volume, riser location, and duration of liquid feed metal. It discusses the three types of feeding systems used in riser design: riser sleeves, topping compounds, and breaker cores.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005277
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... tested on all cast materials. Some rules have obvious implications and are applicable to all types of metals and alloys, including those based on aluminum, zinc, magnesium, cast irons, steels, air- and vacuum-cast nickel and cobalt, and titanium. Nevertheless, although all materials will probably benefit...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on ten rules for the effective production of reliable castings. These rules include good-quality melt, liquid front damage, liquid front stop, bubble damage, core blows, shrinkage damage, convection damage, segregation, residual stress, and location points.
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