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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 37 Short-term and rapid overheating of a steel boiler tube (reheater, superheater, or similar—source unknown) resulted in a longitudinal “fish-mouth” rupture. The tube had experienced elevated temperatures (455 to >730 °C, or 850 to >1350 °F) where the metal strength is markedly
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Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 24 Cross section through a studded carbon steel boiler tube, showing reduction in dimensions of the studs that occurs in operation. Note the loss of wall thickness in the tube around the entire fireside circumference, including the crotch of the tube near the membranes.
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 9 Microstructures of specimens from carbon steel boiler tubes subjected to prolonged overheating below Ac 1 . (a) Voids (black) in grain boundaries and spheroidization (light, globular), both of which are characteristic of tertiary creep. 250×. (b) Intergranular separation adjacent
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 10 Typical microstructures of 0.18% C steel boiler tubes that ruptured as a result of rapid overheating. (a) Elongated grains near tensile rupture resulting from rapid overheating below the recrystallization temperature. (b) Mixed structure near rupture resulting from rapid overheating
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 18 Micrograph of an etched specimen from a carbon steel boiler tube. Decarburization and discontinuous intergranular cracking resulted from hydrogen damage. 250×
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 20 Hydrogen damage (dark area) in a carbon steel boiler tube. The tube cross section was macroetched with hot 50% hydrochloric acid.
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Published: 01 January 2002
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in Failures from Various Mechanisms and Related Environmental Factors
> Metals Handbook Desk Edition
Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 44 Corrosion-fatigue cracks in carbon-steel boiler tube originated at corrosion pits. Corrosion products are present along the entire length of the cracks. 250×
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 28 Metallographic cross section (nital etched) through carbon steel boiler tube. Corrosion fatigue cracks have initiated from the base of pits. Source: Ref 19
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Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 18 Metallographic mount of failed steel boiler tube sample exhibiting corrosion fatigue. Source: Ref 53
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in Failure of Boilers and Related Equipment
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 8 Microstructure of a carbon steel boiler tube subjected to prolonged overheating below Ac 1 showing (a) decomposition of pearlite into ferrite and spheroidal carbides (original magnification: 400×) and (b) spheroidization of carbide and grain-boundary voids characteristic of tertiary
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in Failure of Boilers and Related Equipment
> Analysis and Prevention of Component and Equipment Failures
Published: 30 August 2021
Fig. 12 Typical microstructures of carbon steel boiler tube that ruptured as a result of rapid overheating. (a) Elongated grains near rupture resulting from rapid overheating below the recrystallization temperature. (b) Mixed structure near rupture resulting from rapid overheating between Ac 1
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 28 Metallographic cross section (nital etched) through carbon steel boiler tube. Corrosion fatigue cracks have initiated from the base of pits. Source: Ref 19
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Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003805
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... Abstract This article discusses the environmental factors and kinetics of atmospheric corrosion, aqueous corrosion, and soil corrosion of carbon steels. It also provides information on corrosion in concrete and steel boilers. aqueous corrosion atmospheric corrosion concrete boilers...
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Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 4 Weld overlay cladding of the furnace waterwall for corrosion protection of carbon steel boiler tubes and membranes in WTE boilers. Source: Welding Services Inc.
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 19 Window fracture. Typically results from hydrogen damage in carbon or low-alloy steel boiler tubes
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 11 Microstructures of three specimens taken from severely overheated carbon steel boiler tubes. The specimens were taken adjacent to a rupture in a tube (a), about 250 mm (10 in.) from the rupture in the same tube (b), and from a nearby unruptured tube (c). All three structures contain
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004157
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
..., superheater tubes, and generating banks. The waterwall, screen tubes, and generating bank tubes are typically made of carbon steels, while superheater tubes are made of carbon steels or chromium-molybdenum steels. The corrosion problems with these boiler tubes in WTE boilers is discussed in detail in Ref 1...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001816
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... (3000 °F). By the time the flue gas has left the furnace, it has been cooled to 925 to 1095 °C (1700 to 2000 °F), and convection is the predominant mode of heat transfer. Second, conduction through the steel boiler tubes transfers heat to the internal fluid. Although conduction is important, boiler...
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in Elevated-Temperature Properties of Stainless Steels
> Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 15 Creep-rupture strengths of various boiler tube steels at 600 °C (1110 °F). Source: Ref 21
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