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Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 19 Detail of damage by galvanic corrosion of an iron staff in contact with a cast bronze hand on a statue of Mercury (date 1962) located in Kingston, Ontario. Courtesy of Pierre Roberge. Photograph 2003. See the article “Corrosion of Metal Artifacts Displayed in Outdoor Environments
More
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003260
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... of the assessment process. The loss of key personnel may affect the continuing accreditation of the laboratory by the accrediting body; for example, loss of key staff whose absence reduces the technical competence of the laboratory may prompt a reassessment before it would be normally scheduled. Quality system...
Abstract
The purpose of accreditation is to evaluate and assure high-quality results from suppliers of products or services without incurring the costs associated with auditing each supplier. This article describes laboratory accreditation based on the general requirements of International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Commission (ISO/IEC) Guide 25, "General Requirements for the Competence of Calibration and Testing Laboratories." The Guide 25 is a balanced standard that addresses quality system requirements of ISO 9000 and the technical requirements needed to perform testing or calibration. The article describes an accreditation process that would enhance the international acceptance of test data for mechanical testing laboratories.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006010
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... staff areas. Eliminate slogans, exhortations, and targets for the workforce. Eliminate numerical quotas for the workforce and numerical goals for management. Remove barriers that rob people of pride of workmanship, and eliminate the annual rating or merit system. Institute a vigorous program...
Abstract
This article defines quality, quality assurance, quality control, and quality management of processes, products, and services. It describes the evolution of quality control and quality assurance in the coatings industry. The article also discusses the standards, quality programs, and certifications in the coatings industry.
Book Chapter
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002173
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... to this article. References References 1. Staff Report, Mech. Eng. , March 1984 , p 55 – 59 2. Binns J. Sr. , “Rough Turning and Hogging With Ceramic Cutters,” Papers presented at the Creative Manufacturing Seminars, American Society of Tool and Manufacturing Engineers , 1963–1964...
Abstract
High removal rate (HRR) machining involves the use of extremely rigid, high-power, high-precision machines, such as roll turning lathes, to achieve material removal rates far beyond the capacity of conventional machine tools. This article reviews the machine requirements and cutting parameters of HRR machining. Machine components such as the lathe bed, tailstock, headstock, carriage, and tooling are detailed. The article also discusses the applications of HRR machining.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004221
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... and Collection Environments” in this Volume. The bronze hand holding an iron staff forms a galvanic couple in an outdoor statue ( Fig. 19 ). The velvetlike corrosion on an ancient copper alloy vessel ( Fig. 20 ) was found to be a dendritic copper sulfide ( Fig. 21 ). Another collection of dendrites...
Abstract
This article includes a collection of color images that aid in the identification and classification of forms of corrosion in industries and environments. It emphasizes the negative aspects of corrosion and examines the cost and the effort to test, evaluate, simulate, and prevent corrosion. The ability of corrosion to undo the best complex engineered systems has been documented.
Book Chapter
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0000600
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
.... To these individuals, whose time, efforts, and considerable talents made this compilation possible, ASM and the Handbook staff owe special thanks. Unlisted, but equally deserving of mention, are the numerous individuals who contributed anonymously through their participation in the preparation and interpretation...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of how fractographs in this Atlas are organized and presented. It contains a table that lists the distribution content of illustrations for various materials discussed in the Atlas. The causes of fractures for various ferrous and nonferrous alloys and engineered materials are also illustrated.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006815
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... such a thing.” For example, the minimum allowable brake rotor thickness and the minimum allowable brake pad thickness were both specified in the maintenance manual for a passenger transit vehicle. The provider of the equipment assumed that the professional maintenance staff, in charge with the safe upkeep...
Abstract
The intent of this article is to assist the failure analyst in understanding the underlying engineering design process embodied in a failed component or system. It begins with a description of the mode of failure. This is followed by a section providing information on the root cause of failure. Next, the article discusses the steps involved in the engineering design process and explains the importance of considering the engineering design process. Information on failure modes and effects analysis is also provided. The article ends with a discussion on the consequence of management actions on failures.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003277
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... to the product. References References 1. SPEAR administrative staff , General Motors Statistical Process Control Manual , GM Tech Center , 1986 , p 3 – 10 ...
Abstract
The gage repeatability and reproducibility (GRR) study is a procedure for determining the repeatability of a test instrument and the reproducibility of a specific gage in operation. This article reviews the general method of GRR studies and its application for indentation hardness testing. It describes a long method and a short method for evaluation of GRR. The article analyzes factors of hardness testing instruments and provides guidelines for hardness tests. It concludes with a list of suggestions that can improve hardness tests.
Book Chapter
Book: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005757
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... to initiate and maintain safe working practices. Without the “buy-in” of operators, engineering staff, and management, the safety improvements possible through engineering and administrative controls can be rendered useless. It is highly recommended that all levels of employees participate in the RA...
Abstract
Risk assessments (RAs) must be customized to the specific workplaces and to the actual work being performed. It is performed to make the workers and their management aware of the hazards in the work environment, identify each risk in a methodical manner, and put in place a plan to mitigate the hazards. Information on risk assessment presented in this article provides a logical approach that can be taken to minimize risk and maximize thermal spray practitioners' safety. There are basically four steps to improving operational safety by using RAs: identifying the risks for each activity, rating the risk, putting in place the actions required to minimize risk, and reviewing and updating the RAs on a regular basis. The article presents two case studies to illustrate the concepts involved in RAs.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004154
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... they are derived and customized. They must also understand how water impurities, treatment chemicals, and boiler components interact. Training must therefore be an integral, ongoing part of operations and should include management, control room operators, chemists, and laboratory staff. Training and plant...
Abstract
This article briefly describes water and steam chemistry, which influence the effect of corrosion in boilers. The appropriate control measures to prevent corrosion in boilers are also presented. The article provides a discussion on the common causes of fluid-side corrosion such as flow-accelerated corrosion, oxygen pitting, chelant corrosion, caustic corrosion, acid corrosion, organic corrosion, phosphate corrosion, hydrogen damage, and corrosion-assisted cracking.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005909
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
..., and metal runouts could result in plant damages or dangerous conditions for the operating staff. General Monitoring and Supervision Depending on the size and design of the furnace, the power consumption, and the application field, different measurement and control equipment is installed. Newer...
Abstract
Melting with induction crucible furnaces (ICFs) is a well-established and reliable technology, and their maintenance must be performed at regularly scheduled intervals to ensure safe operation. This article discusses monitoring of the refractory lining, and presents an overview of the various wear-indication methods, namely, manual checks, ground leakage indication, evaluation of electrical values of the furnace, and temperature measurement. It also presents the working principle, physical restrictions, limitations, and remarks on these methods.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005425
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... and background in this area Acceptance of modeling and simulation in general as a worthy research subject Application of modeling and simulation as a teaching method within multidisciplinary engineering fields Shift toward near-term investments and the concomitant reduction in research staff within many...
Abstract
This article provides a brief historical perspective, a classification of metallurgical processes, basic model development efforts, and an overview of the potential future directions for the modeling of metals processing. It describes the classification of material behavior models, which can be grouped broadly into three classes: statistical, phenomenological, and mechanistic models. The article also presents an overview of the potential directions for the modeling of metals processing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004104
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... into the design to allow the operating staff to monitor the condition of the pipelines or structures. Nonwelded joints must be bonded for electrical continuity. Steel and ductile iron structures should be well coated, and where the potential for corrosion is high, based on resistivity and soil chemical...
Abstract
This article provides information on predesign surveys and the various testing procedures associated with wastewater treatment plants. These include soil testing, atmospheric testing, and hydrogen sulfide testing. The primary parameters that influence the production of sulfides within the piping system that transports the wastewater to the treatment facility are discussed. The article describes the corrosion performance of various materials in the soil, fluid, and atmospheric exposures. These include concrete, steel, ductile iron, aluminum, copper, brass, stainless steel, and coatings used for wastewater facilities.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006762
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... are often persons in purchasing, operations, accounting, and management, or are legal staff, avoidance of technical jargon wherever possible is highly desirable. A glossary of terms can be helpful. The use of appendices containing detailed calculations, equations, and tables of chemical and metallurgical...
Abstract
As a failure investigation progresses, the time arrives when the data and results of the various testing and analyses are compiled, compared, and interpreted. Data interpretation should be relatively straightforward for results that align well. However, interpretation can be challenging when results from various tests seem contradictory or inconclusive. Regardless, conclusions must eventually be drawn from the data. This article discusses the processes involved in reviewing data, formulating conclusions, failure analysis report preparation and writing, and providing recommendations and follow-up with appropriate personnel to prevent future failures.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003502
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... in the maintenance manual for an automatic passenger transit system, is it appropriate to assume that the professional maintenance staff, dedicated to ensuring the safe operation of the vehicles, would replace the pads and/or rotors rather than let every pad and every rotor on the vehicle wear to below the absolute...
Abstract
This article provides assistance to a failure analyst in broadening the initial scope of the investigation of a physical engineering failure in order to identify the root cause of a problem. The engineering design process, including task clarification, conceptual design, embodiment design, and detail design, is reviewed. The article discusses the design process at the personal and project levels but takes into consideration the effects of some higher level influences and interfaces often found to contribute to engineering failures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003707
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... made available for corrosion-related research and development, which is significant in light of the costs of maintaining aging infrastructure. In fact, several government and corporate research laboratories have significantly reduced their corrosion research staff or have even closed down...
Abstract
This article first describes the two methods used in the 1998 U.S. corrosion cost study. In the first method, the cost was determined by summing the costs for corrosion control methods and contract services. In the second, the cost of corrosion was first determined for specific industry sectors and then extrapolated to calculate a national total corrosion cost. The article then reports the results and conclusions of the study. It concludes with information on corrosion prevention strategies.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003452
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... occurred. The only way in which such assurance can currently be obtained is by quality management of the repair application. Critical aspects of quality management include: Effective training of design and technical staff The use of in-life materials that have been qualified and properly handled...
Abstract
Composite bonded repair technology is based on the use of advanced composite repairs or reinforcements that are adhesively bonded to a damaged structure. This article discusses the key steps that are normally encountered in the design, certification, and application of an adhesively bonded repair. Some examples of successful repairs to military aircraft are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006072
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... configuration. Riveted chords that have one or two sides partially enclosed with lattice bars create difficult access for cleaning and painting. These areas can be very time-consuming to the project and require diligent effort by the contractor and inspection staff to achieve adequate surface cleaning...
Abstract
This article provides a basic overview of bridge corrosion, where it occurs on steel and concrete bridge structures, and how to prevent corrosion by using coatings. It describes types of bridge designs, with illustrations, and presents information on how corrosion occurs in different bridge zones and areas, with illustrations. The article concludes with a discussion on the common methods of coating systems applications on bridge structures and key elements in coating condition assessment.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002448
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... on the detail drawing. This is especially appropriate when dealing with complex surfaces and features that would be difficult to describe dimensionally. Typically, the “detailer” is a novice who is guided by a senior member of the design staff. Checking Checking is a critical review of the information...
Abstract
Documentation must be focused toward explaining a specific task such as design process, by conveying the needs of product engineering, materials engineering, and manufacturing. This article describes how documentation supports the process of bringing a product to market, who uses the information, and how it serves as a key form of communication, with examples. It discusses the key features that most documents must define. The article describes the requirements of engineering and manufacturing and how drawings are used as a communication medium.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002428
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... dramatically. This article covers the characteristics of such teams, how to staff and organize them, and the critical role of specialists, such as materials specialists, in working with such teams. Types of Teams Team is a heavily used and abused term in the workplace today. Any identifiable group...
Abstract
The most effective design teams generally involve a clearly delineated group of individuals who work full time on the specified project from its beginning until market introduction. This article focuses on issues arising in using teams in a product design process. It provides special coverage on alternative roles for specialists, such as materials engineers or scientists, whose expertise is essential to the success of the project. The article discusses the types of teams exhibiting certain characteristics in the sales, accounting, and research departments and from the factory floor to the executive suite. The special characteristics of cross-functional development teams are discussed. The article reviews the staffing of a development team, including team leader, team members, and suppliers on the team. It describes the considerations for organizing a development team, and the role of development team specialists on balancing team needs.