Fig. 2 Mechanisms of the spheroidization of alpha lamellae. (a) Spheroidization driven by the formation of subboundaries or shear bands within alpha lamellae. Source: Ref 9 . (b, c) Observation of shear bands developed during hot deformation. Source: Ref 8 , 11 More

Fig. 44 Effect of spheroidization on the rupture strength of carbon-molybdenum steel (0.17C-0.88Mn-0.20Si-0.42Mo). Source: Ref 73 More

Fig. 6 The extent of spheroidization at 700 °C (1290 °F) for 200 h for the 1040 steel starting from a ferrite-pearlite microstructure etched in 4% picral. Original magnification: 1000× More

Fig. 8 Effect of partial spheroidization on surface finish and tool life in subsequent machining of 5160 steel. (a) Annealed (pearlitic) microstructure (hardness: 241 HB) and surface finish of flange after machining of eight pieces. (b) Tool life between grinds, min. (c) Partially spheroidized More

Fig. 29 Temperature-time plot of pearlite decomposition by spheroidization and graphitization. The curve for spheroidization is for conversion of one-half of the carbon in 0.15% C steel to spheroidal carbides. The curve for graphitization is for conversion of one-half of the carbon in aluminum More

Fig. 13 Effect of strain and strain rate on percent spheroidization of Ti-49Al-2V at 1330 K. Source: Ref 15 More

Fig. 21 AISI W1 (1.05% C). Influence of starting structure on spheroidization. (a) As-rolled; contains coarse and fine pearlite. (b) After spheroidization (heat to 760 °C, or 1400 °F; cool at a rate of 11 °C/h, or 20 °F/h, to 595 °C, or 1100 °F; air cool). (c) Austenitized at 870 °C (1600 °F More

Fig. 5 Static spheroidization via termination migration. (a) Plot of τ vd /τ′ as a function of ξ. (b, c) SEM backscattered micrographs of the microstructure developed in Ti-6Al-4V samples deformed at 955 °C to an effective strain of 1.1 and water quenched after holding at temperature for (b) 1 More

Fig. 15 Effect of carbon content and spheroidization on ductility. Source: Ref 17 More

Fig. 28 Temperature-time plot of pearlite decomposition by spheroidization and graphitization. The curve for spheroidization is for conversion of one-half of the carbon in 0.15% C steel to spheroidal carbides. The curve for graphitization is for conversion of one-half of the carbon in aluminum More

Fig. 7 Schematic of plasma spheroidization process. Adapted from Ref 21 More

Fig. 25 AISI L1, spheroidize annealed. Note the very-well-formed spheroidal carbides. 4% picral. 500× More

Fig. 11 (a) Yield limit of spheroidized and annealed SAE 52100 as a function of temperature. (b) Corresponding stress-strain curves; strain rate: 40 × 10 −4 1/s. Source: Ref 4 More

Fig. 76 Spheroidized cementite particles pinning a recrystallization front during intercritical annealing of a low-carbon steel. Note the recovered dislocation substructure to the left of the front. Thin foil TEM specimen More

Fig. 3 Typical graphite shapes after ASTM A247. I, spheroidal graphite; II, imperfect spheroidal graphite; III, temper graphite, IV, compacted graphite; V, crab graphite; VI, exploded graphite; VII, flake graphite More

Fig. 13 Short-term elevated-temperature tensile strengths of (a) partially spheroidized pearlitic malleable irons produced by air cooling after the temper carbon anneal, (b) finely spheroidized pearlitic malleable irons produced by oil quenching after the temper carbon anneal, and (c) oil More

Fig. 6 Carbides are fully spheroidized from thermal degradation near failure. Voids (dark sites) have formed along the grain boundaries that are perpendicular to the direction of applied stress. Original magnification 1050× More

Fig. 6 Microstructure of spheroidal graphite in cast ductile iron. Graphite (dark) is surrounded by ferrite (white) in a pearlite matrix. Original magnification: 250×. Courtesy of Bruce Boardman More

Fig. 23 Tensile and yield strength of spheroidal graphite iron test bars versus resonant frequency. Source: Ref 55 More

Fig. 10 Tensile strength versus hardness for spheroidal graphite (SG), compacted graphite (CG), and flake graphite (FG) irons. Source: Ref 18 More