Fig. 2 Mechanisms of the spheroidization of alpha lamellae. (a) Spheroidization driven by the formation of subboundaries or shear bands within alpha lamellae. Source: Ref 9 . (b, c) Observation of shear bands developed during hot deformation. Source: Ref 8 , 11 More

Fig. 5 Static spheroidization via termination migration. (a) Plot of τ vd /τ′ as a function of ξ. (b, c) SEM backscattered micrographs of the microstructure developed in Ti-6Al-4V samples deformed at 955 °C to an effective strain of 1.1 and water quenched after holding at temperature for (b) 1 h More

Fig. 15 Effect of carbon content and spheroidization on ductility. Source: Ref 17 More

Fig. 29 Temperature-time plot of pearlite decomposition by spheroidization and graphitization. The curve for spheroidization is for conversion of one-half of the carbon in 0.15% C steel to spheroidal carbides. The curve for graphitization is for conversion of one-half of the carbon in aluminum More

Fig. 21 AISI W1 (1.05% C). Influence of starting structure on spheroidization. (a) As-rolled; contains coarse and fine pearlite. (b) After spheroidization (heat to 760 °C, or 1400 °F; cool at a rate of 11 °C/h, or 20 °F/h, to 595 °C, or 1100 °F; air cool). (c) Austenitized at 870 °C (1600 °F More

Fig. 13 Effect of strain and strain rate on percent spheroidization of Ti-49Al-2V at 1330 K. Source: Ref 15 More

Fig. 25 AISI L1, spheroidize annealed. Note the very-well-formed spheroidal carbides. 4% picral. 500× More

Fig. 4 Graphite in a spheroidize-annealed AISI type O6 graphitic tool steel specimen (transverse plane). The irregular black particles are graphite. The matrix is ferrite containing spheroidized cementite. Etched with 4% picral. 500× More

Fig. 13 Influence of etchant upon the ability to observe spheroidized cementite in AISI 1008 sheet steel. (Left) Etched with 4% picral. (Right) Etched with 2% nital. 500× More

Fig. 14 Spheroidized cementite in AISI W2 carbon-vanadium (1.10% C) tool steel. Etched with 4% picral. 1000× More

Fig. 5 Typical graphite shapes after ASTM A247. I, spheroidal graphite; II, imperfect spheroidal graphite; III, temper graphite; IV, compacted graphite; V, crab graphite; VI, exploded graphite; VII, flake graphite More

Fig. 7 Transmission electron microscopy image of a fractured graphite spheroid showing crystallization sites (indicated by arrows) of amorphous graphite. Source: Ref 11 More

Fig. 9 Energy-dispersive x-ray analysis composition maps in a graphite spheroid. Source: Ref 49 More

Fig. 10 Inclusions found in the center of graphite (Gr) spheroids. Source: Ref 49 More

Fig. 13 Scanning electron microscopy images of spheroidal graphite showing conical sectors and graphite nuclei. (a) Well-formed graphite spheroid. Reprinted with permission from The American Foundry Society. Source: Ref 57 . (b) Graphite spheroid with separated sectors. Reprinted with permission More

Fig. 29 Transmission electron microscopy image of a fractured graphite spheroid showing crystallization sites (indicated by arrows) of amorphous graphite. Reprinted with permission from Nature Publishing Group/Macmillan Publishers Ltd. Source: Ref 95 More

Fig. 34 Isothermal growth of a graphite spheroid within an austenite shell. Source: Drawing in Ref 5 after Ref 103 More

Fig. 35 Microstructures of spheroidal graphite iron found in the same microshrinkage cavity from a cast plate. (a) Primary austenite dendrite. (b) Eutectic austenite dendrite with encapsulated graphite spheroids. (c) Overall view of microshrinkage. Reprinted with permission from The American More

Fig. 15 Cooling curve of spheroidal graphite iron for various numbers of growing nodules. Source: Ref 8 More

Fig. 16 Two-dimensional simulated microstructure evolution of a spheroidal graphite iron with the solidification time of (a) 4.8, (b) 6.8, (c) 10.4, and (d) 17.4 s. Source: Ref 66 More