Fig. 5 Typical graphite shapes after ASTM A247. I, spheroidal graphite; II, imperfect spheroidal graphite; III, temper graphite; IV, compacted graphite; V, crab graphite; VI, exploded graphite; VII, flake graphite More

Fig. 6 Microstructure of spheroidal graphite in cast ductile iron. Graphite (dark) is surrounded by ferrite (white) in a pearlite matrix. Original magnification: 250×. Courtesy of Bruce Boardman More

Fig. 13 Scanning electron microscopy images of spheroidal graphite showing conical sectors and graphite nuclei. (a) Well-formed graphite spheroid. Reprinted with permission from The American Foundry Society. Source: Ref 57 . (b) Graphite spheroid with separated sectors. Reprinted with permission More

Fig. 35 Microstructures of spheroidal graphite iron found in the same microshrinkage cavity from a cast plate. (a) Primary austenite dendrite. (b) Eutectic austenite dendrite with encapsulated graphite spheroids. (c) Overall view of microshrinkage. Reprinted with permission from The American More

Fig. 15 Cooling curve of spheroidal graphite iron for various numbers of growing nodules. Source: Ref 8 More

Fig. 16 Two-dimensional simulated microstructure evolution of a spheroidal graphite iron with the solidification time of (a) 4.8, (b) 6.8, (c) 10.4, and (d) 17.4 s. Source: Ref 66 More

Fig. 4 Microstructure of unalloyed spheroidal graphite cast iron austempered at (a) 360 °C (680 °F) for 60 min (original magnification: 500×) and (b) 280 °C (535 °F) for 90 min More

Fig. 12 (a) Microstructure of spheroidal graphite iron alloy derived from x-ray tomography. (b) Representative volume element (RVE) finite-element model. (c) Example of plastic strain distribution in the RVE at horizontal tensile load More

Fig. 6 Influence of spheroidal graphite iron metal matrix on the mechanism of tool wear. Source: Ref 7 More

Fig. 19 Relative machinability of several types of spheroidal graphite iron (ductile iron) and steel. ADI, austempered ductile iron. Source: Ref 20 More

Fig. 21 Tool life when machining traditional spheroidal graphite iron (GJS-500-7 and GJS-600-3) and solution-strengthened spheroidal graphite iron (GJS-500-14 and GJS-600-10). Machining was done at a cutting speed of 240 m/min (790 ft/min) until 0.2 mm (0.008 in.) flank wear. Source: Ref 22 More

Fig. 1 Spheroidal graphite in as-cast ductile iron (Fe-3.7%C-2.4%Si-0.59%Mn-0.025%P-0.01%S-0.095%Mo-1.4%Cu) close to the edge of the specimen, which was 30 mm (1.2 in.) in diameter. The specimen was embedded. As-polished. Original magnification: 100× More

Fig. 38 Strength versus resonant frequency in spheroidal graphite iron test bars. Source: Ref 85 More

Fig. 1 Spheroidal graphite in as-cast ductile iron (Fe-3.7%C-2.4%Si-0.59%Mn-0.025%P-0.01%S-0.095%Mo-1.4%Cu) close to the edge of the specimen, which was 30 mm (1.2 in.) in diameter. The specimen was embedded. As-polished. 100× More

Fig. 18 Macrostructure of a spheroidal graphite iron etched by direct austempering after solidification. Source: Ref 13 More

Fig. 27 Microstructures of spheroidal graphite iron found in the same microshrinkage cavity from a spheroidal graphite iron plate. (a) Austenite dendrites. (b) Eutectic (spheroidal graphite) aggregates. Source: Ref 21 More

Fig. 28 Mechanism of solidification of spheroidal graphite iron showing primary dendrite grains and graphite nodules growing from the eutectic intradendritic liquid More

Fig. 9 Model output of microstructure evolution of eutectic spheroidal graphite iron during solidification. (a) Solidification fraction ( f s ) = 0.24. (b) f s = 0.55. (c) f s = 0.72. (d) f s = 0.99. Length of each square = 200 μm. Source: Ref 17 More

Fig. 23 Tensile and yield strength of spheroidal graphite iron test bars versus resonant frequency. Source: Ref 55 More

Fig. 21 SEM micrographs of deep-etched spheroidal graphite samples showing a fractured graphite spheroid (a). Nodularity decreases from (a) through (c). More