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John A. Shields, Jr., Kurt D. Moser, R. William Buckman, Jr., Todd Leonhardt, C. Craig Wojcik
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specialty glasses
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002463
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... Abstract This article provides a discussion on various types of glasses: traditional glasses, specialty glasses, and glass ceramics. It provides information on glazes and enamels and reviews the broad classes of ceramic materials. These include whitewares, structural clay products, technical...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on various types of glasses: traditional glasses, specialty glasses, and glass ceramics. It provides information on glazes and enamels and reviews the broad classes of ceramic materials. These include whitewares, structural clay products, technical ceramics, refractories, structural ceramics, engineering ceramics, and electronic and magnetic ceramics. General processing variables that can affect structure and compositional homogeneity are discussed. Traditional ceramics that include both oxide and nonoxide ceramics are also reviewed. The article concludes with several examples of engineering ceramics.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003067
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... Abstract This article reviews the applications of traditional glasses in architecture, transportation, construction, houseware, containers, and fibers. It also describes uses of specialty glasses for aerospace and military applications, biomedical and dental applications, chemical-resistant...
Abstract
This article reviews the applications of traditional glasses in architecture, transportation, construction, houseware, containers, and fibers. It also describes uses of specialty glasses for aerospace and military applications, biomedical and dental applications, chemical-resistant applications, lighting, information display, electronic processing and electronic devices, optical and ophthalmic products, and communications equipment.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005911
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... and be the size of a residential swimming pool (without the deep end), while a beverage container tank may produce approximately 90 tonnes (100 tons) per day, and a specialty or ophthalmic tank could put out 9 tonnes (10 tons) per day or less. Specialty glass tanks often undergo glass composition changes...
Abstract
The historical use of induction heating relating to glass melting gives some insight into its use in today's glass manufacturing industry. A patent search on induction heating provides historical information about how induction heating was used in the glass melting industry, from both a direct fired or a susceptor/container approach. This article provides review of historical patents, following an introduction to conductivity in glass and electrical heating. The purpose is to show that induction heating has been and is being used in the glass melting industry.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003490
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
...). The focus is on important applications that are representative of the current state of practice. Advanced Polymer-Matrix Composites Although the basic concepts of composite materials were understood from a technical sense early on, it was in the 1940s that glass-reinforced plastics came...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003065
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... are: flat glass, containers/tableware, fiberglass, and specialty glass. The first two categories use soda-lime-silica glass and constitute the highest volume of products. Fiberglass is often based on borosilicate glass. Specialty glasses sometimes, but not always, use materials that are common to the other...
Abstract
The large majority of the commercially important glasses are processed from a carefully calculated batch of raw materials that is then melted in special furnaces. Providing an introduction to melting practices of glass production, this article focuses on various finishing methods of glass products, including forming, grinding and polishing, and explores the advantages, disadvantages and steps involved in sol-gel process. It also discusses the types, processes and properties of annealed, laminated, and tempered glass, and presents the steps involved in glass decoration. The article gives a detailed account of production, properties and application of fiberglass, optical fibers, glass spheres and ceramic glasses, and describes the forms, classification, compositions and properties of glass/metal and glass-ceramic/metal seals.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003353
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
..., it is a specialty process for manufacturing structural glass fibers such as silica or quartz glass fibers. These and other specialty processes are highlighted wherever appropriate but not discussed in full. Additional details about fiber forming are provided in the section “Glass Melting and Fiber Forming...
Abstract
This article discusses the types, oxide composition, as well as mechanical and physical properties of general-purpose and special-purpose glass fibers. It describes the glass melting and fiber forming processes and provides information on important commercial products such as continuous roving, woven roving, fiberglass mat, chopped strand, and textile yarns.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003331
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
..., cellulose electrical 125 115 Polyphenylene sulfide; unreinforced 124 … Polyphenylene sulfide; 40% glass reinforced 123 … Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride 122 111 Nylon, mineral reinforced 121 119 Polyester, thermoplastic, PBT; unreinforced 120 117 Polyester, thermoplastic, PET...
Abstract
This article is a comprehensive collection of tables that list the values for hardness of plastics, rubber, elastomers, and metals. The tables also list the tensile yield strength and tensile modulus of metals and plastics at room temperature. A comparison of various engineering materials, on the basis of tensile strength, is also provided.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005920
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... units, namely their compactness and ability to achieve high temperatures, makes them ideal for glass melting on a smaller scale. Many specialty glass products today do not require a manufacturing process based on tonnage of output, but rather on hundreds of kilograms, which can be achieved via induction...
Abstract
Induction heating for glass melting is an alternative to resistance heating element furnaces. This article provides information on the basics of glass fabrication process. It focuses on crucible melt furnace for small-scale glass melting and the induction melting process. It also describes induction glass forming (forming from the melt) and glass forming by induction heating (post-melt). The article compares the benefits of using induction heating and refractory-lined resistance heating.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003049
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
..., filters Textile: plastic or rubber tire reinforcements, fabrics, roof shingle and roll goods reinforcements Specialty glass Artware, stained glass, lead and lead crystal, lighting, TV picture tubes, ovenware and stovetops, ophthalmic equipment, aviation equipment, tubing, foamed glass, marbles...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the types, properties, and applications of traditional and advanced ceramics and glasses. Principal product areas for traditional ceramics include whitewares, glazes, porcelain enamels, structural clay products, cements, and refractories. Advanced ceramics include electronic ceramics, optical ceramics, magnetic ceramics, and structural ceramics.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003841
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... in steel, glass, aluminum, and chemical-resistant applications. Specific material issues that should be considered or evaluated when choosing or using refractory materials are discussed. aluminum corrosive wear steel thermodynamics properties glass REFRACTORY MATERIALS are the working face...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the corrosion theory relating to refractories on the basis of acid/base reactions, thermodynamics, and kinetic considerations. The tests to evaluate refractory corrosive wear are reviewed. The article describes the specific refractories used in steel, glass, aluminum, and chemical-resistant applications. Specific material issues that should be considered or evaluated when choosing or using refractory materials are discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006674
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... Temperature range Source °C °F Al 2 O 3 , 96% 8.2 25–1000 75–1830 CoorsTek, Inc. Al 2 O 3 , 99.9% 8.0 25–1000 75–1830 CoorsTek, Inc. Aluminum 25 25 75 CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , 59th ed. Aluminum, 3004 23.9 20–100 70–210 ASM Specialty Handbook: Aluminum...
Abstract
Thermomechanical analysis (TMA) is a thermal analysis technique in which the length of a specimen is precisely measured versus temperature and time as the specimen is subjected to controlled heating and cooling. This article discusses the various factors and processes involved in TMA. The discussion covers the general principles, equipment used, specimen preparation process, calibration conditions, data analysis steps, and examples of the applications and interpretation of TMA.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003008
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
.... Reinforcements also can be added to produce composites. A conventional composite can contain 20 to 50 wt% glass fiber with fiber lengths up to 3.2 mm ( 1 8 in.), and an advanced composite can consist of more than 70% woven-mat reinforcement using high strength/modulus fibers. This article considers...
Abstract
This article discusses the family characteristics, commercial forms, applications, resin grades, and mechanical and physical properties of traditional engineering thermoplastics in their neat (unmodified) form and as compounds and composites, namely, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrenes, acrylics, high-density polyethylenes, reinforced polypropylenes, high-impact polystyrenes, polyvinyl chloride, styrene-acrylonitriles, and styrene-maleic anhydrides.
Book Chapter
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001316
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... and represent a specialty product that is more akin to organic paints than to other ceramic coatings. The markets for this specialty product are categorized as tableware, glass containers, architectural, lighting, and automotive. There are no published figures on the value of the specific portion...
Abstract
This article focuses on the ceramic coatings for ceramic and glass substrates. It describes the role of oxides in glazes and discusses the optical and appearance properties of various types of glazes, such as leadless glazes, lead-containing glazes, opaque glazes, and satin and matte glazes. The article provides information on the classification of pigments and the applications of ceramic coatings for decorations on ceramic and glass surfaces.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003362
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... resins that they commercialized were first used as casting compounds and coatings. The same resins are now commodity materials that provide the basis for most epoxy formulations (Ref 1 , 2 , and 3 ). Epoxy resins are a class of thermoset materials used extensively in structural and specialty...
Abstract
This article discusses the three basic elements of an epoxy resin formulation that must be understood when selecting a thermoset system. These include base resins, epoxy resin curatives, and modifiers. The article provides examples of epoxy resin formulations that illustrate how raw materials are combined to tailor a formulation to a specific application. It concludes with a discussion on general guidelines for the safe handling of epoxy resins and their associated products.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003845
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... of fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) or glass-fiber-reinforced plastic equipment made with thermosetting resins. Simply put, FRP is more than just a plastic and a reinforcing fiber. The thermosetting resin type, the cure system, the degree of cure, the reinforcement types, the design, and the fabricator...
Abstract
This article describes the resin and fabrication requirements associated with fiberglass-reinforced plastic equipment. It provides a discussion on various resins and their resistance to various environments. These include polyester, epoxy, epoxy vinyl-ester, and furan and phenolic thermosetting resins. The article concludes with a discussion on the curing system of thermosetting resins.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003352
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
...-reinforcing fibers can be categorized by chemical composition, structural morphology, and commercial function. Natural fibers such as kenaf or jute are derived from plants and are used almost exclusively in PMCs. Oxide glass fibers ( Ref 2 ) are derived from a mixture of oxides; silica, or quartz, fibers...
Abstract
Reinforcing fibers are a key component of polymer-matrix composites (PMCs), ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs), and metal-matrix composites (MMCs). This article discusses the mechanical and nonmechanical properties of these composites. It presents an overview of PMC, CMC, and MMC reinforcing fibers. The article describes cost-considered value-in-use of the ultimate-use temperature of selected fibers in three fiber categories: metal fibers or wires, oxide ceramic fibers, and non-oxide ceramic fibers.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003020
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... currently used to manufacture specialty automobiles ( Ref 7 ). As currently practiced, the process uses epoxy tooling similar to high-quality prototype tooling. Large and dry reinforcement preforms (shaped glass mat and foam cores, as well as local areas of continuous glass fabric) are loaded into two-piece...
Abstract
Resin transfer molding (RTM) and structural reaction injection molding (SRIM) are two similar processes that are well suited to the manufacture of large, complex, and high-performance structures. This article discusses the similarities and differences of RTM and SRIM processes and the unique design considerations with respect to the physical properties, geometry, surface quality, process economics, equipment, and tooling of a component that should be considered in choosing RTM or SRIM over other competing processes for fabricating reinforced components.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003051
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... of the mortgage. However, other materials do compete successfully with brick, including precast concrete panels, glass, stone, artificial stone, concrete masonry, and combinations of these materials. Certain distinctive properties need to be considered in selecting a product for a particular application...
Abstract
Traditional ceramics, one of two general classes, are commonly used in high-volume manufacturing to make building materials, household products, and various industrial goods. Although there is a tendency to equate traditional ceramics with low technology, sophisticated processes and advanced manufacturing techniques are often used where these materials are employed. This article examines several traditional ceramics, including structural clay, whiteware, glazes, enamels, portland cements, and concrete. It also provides a detailed account of fabrication methods, properties, and applications. As an example, common applications for structural clay include facing materials, load-bearing units, pavers, and ceramic tiles.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003066
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... 8.5 14.5 60 830 1525 2.568 1.537 87 12.6 Source: Glass Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, 1958, p 17 Glass compositions that do not fall into one of these broad categories are generally known as specialty glasses. Selection of the glass composition for a particular...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003994
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... coating is about 0.05 to 0.1 mm (2 to 4 mils) thick and provides protection from atmospheric contamination at temperatures to 1425 °C (2600 °F). Glass coatings can also be applied to the workpiece before heating in a gas-fired furnace. Molybdenum and Molybdenum Alloys The forging behavior...
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