Search Results for solvent-removable system

Liquid-penetrant inspection is a nondestructive method used to find discontinuities that are open to the surface of solid, essentially nonporous materials. This article describes the physical principles and the process of liquid-penetrant inspection. It also describes the basic penetrant systems, such as the water-washable system, the post-emulsifiable system, and the solvent-removable system. The article provides information on the liquid-penetrant materials, emulsifiers, solvent cleaners, and developers. It details the equipment requirements, selection of penetrant system, and specifications and standards for the liquid-penetrant inspection.

This article reviews the steps involved in presurface-preparation inspection: substrate replacement; removal of weld spatter, rounding of sharp edges, and grinding of slivers/laminations; and removal of rust scale, grease, oil, and chemical (soluble salt) contamination. It focuses on surface preparation methods that range from simple solvent cleaning to hand and power tool cleaning, dry and wet abrasive blast cleaning, centrifugal wheel blast cleaning, chemical stripping, and waterjetting for the application of the coating system. In addition, the article provides a description of the Society for Protective Coatings' (SSPC) standards and NACE International standards as well as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards and International Concrete Repair Institute (ICRI) guidelines for surface cleanliness.

This article provides information on the factors influencing the selection of the proper corrosion-resistant coating system. It focuses on the proper execution of surface preparation and the available surface preparation methods. The preparation process includes the removal of visible contaminants, removal of invisible contaminants, and roughening of the surface. Solvent or chemical washing, steam cleaning, hand tool cleaning, power tool cleaning, water blasting, and abrasive blast cleaning, are some preparation methods discussed. The article describes the most common application techniques of coating as well as the equipment used. An overview of some of the most common coating inspection points and inspection equipment is also provided.

Solvent cleaning is a surface preparation process that can be accomplished in room temperature baths (cold cleaning ) or by condensing vapors of a solvent on a workpiece (vapor degreasing). This article provides a detailed discussion on solvents, equipment, process limitations and applications, and safety and health hazards of cold cleaning and vapor degreasing. It also includes information on control of contamination, conservation and recovery of solvent, and disposal of solvent wastes.

This article presents a detailed examination of corrosion at the various production stages of wafer fabrication. The corrosion issues related to batch metal-etch systems and single-wafer metal-etch systems are also discussed. The article provides a case study, which illustrates that the factors outside the normal processing of wafers or tool-specific problems can contribute to metal-line corrosion.

Liquid penetrant inspection is a nondestructive method of revealing discontinuities that are open to the surfaces of solid and essentially nonporous materials. This article provides information on physical principles, evolution, description, and processing parameters of liquid penetrant inspection as well as materials used. It discusses some of the more generally used types of equipment used in penetrant inspection and their requirements. The article describes various penetrant methods and their selection criteria and provides information on precleaning and postcleaning of workpieces before and after penetrant inspection. The quality assurance and maintenance of penetrant inspection materials are also discussed. The article concludes with information on specifications and standards applicable to penetrant inspection.

Metal surfaces must often be cleaned before subsequent operations to remove unwanted substances such as pigmented drawing compounds, unpigmented oil and grease, chips and cutting fluids, polishing and buffing compounds, rust and scale, and miscellaneous contaminants. The article describes common cleaning processes, including alkaline, electrolytic, solvent, emulsion, molten salt bath, ultrasonic and acid cleaning as well as pickling and abrasive blasting. It also explains how to select the appropriate process for a given soil type and surface composition.

Emulsion cleaning is an industrial cleaning process that uses an organic solvent as the main active agent. This article provides information on the applications, concerns and limitations, and process parameters of emulsion cleaning. It describes the processing variables and equipment for three main stages of emulsion cleaning: immersion cleaning, secondary cleaning, and spray cleaning. In addition, the classifications, composition, and selection criteria are also discussed.

Rust-preventive compounds are removable coatings used for the protection of the surfaces of iron, steel, coated or galvanized products, and other alloys. This article describes the basic parts of rust-preventive compounds, namely, carrier, film former, polar materials, and specialty additives. It explains types of rust-preventive compounds, including dry films and water-based dry films. The article also discusses the methods of application of various compounds, such as petrolatum compounds and emulsion compounds. It contains tables that provide information on the characteristics, applications, and physical properties of rust-preventive materials covered by military specifications. Finally, the article describes the various considerations and parameters for selecting rust-preventive materials.

This article describes the eight chemical cleaning methods, namely, circulation, fill and soak, cascade, foam, vapor-phase organic, steam-injected, on-line chemical, and mechanical cleaning. It presents information on deposit types, solvents used to remove them, and construction material incompatibilities in a table. The article summarizes the uses of chemical cleaning solutions, including hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, and sulfamic acid, as well as the additives used to neutralize their impact on corrosion. It discusses the chemical cleaning procedures, including selection of cleaning method and solvent, documentation of cleaning, and corrosion monitoring in chemical cleaning.

This article provides an overview of surface contaminants that may affect the heat treatment processes and end-product quality. It presents information on the chemicals used to clean different surface contaminants of steels. The article discusses three types of cleaning methods, namely, mechanical, chemical, and electrochemical and their effectiveness and applicability. The mechanical cleaning methods include grinding, brushing, steam or flame jet cleaning, abrasive blasting, and tumbling. Solvent cleaning, emulsion cleaning, alkaline cleaning, acid cleaning, pickling, and descaling are chemical cleaning methods. The electrochemical cleaning methods include electropolishing, electrolytic alkaline cleaning, and electrolytic pickling. The article provides information on cleanliness measurement methods such as qualitative tests and quantitative tests to ensure product quality. Health hazards that may be associated with each cleaning method and the general control measures to be used for each hazard are tabulated.

Zinc and zinc alloys require surface engineering prior to coating or use to improve adhesion and corrosion resistance. Die-cast zinc parts, in addition, must be trimmed and finished to remove flash and parting lines. This article covers zinc cleaning procedures as well as coating and finishing processes. It explains how to remove parting lines and presents several mechanical finishing methods, including surface polishing, brushing, controlled shot peening, and buffing. It also provides information on solvent cleaning, emulsion cleaning, aqueous detergent or alkaline cleaning), electrocleaning, acid dipping, and zinc conversion coating treatments.

Painting is a generic term for the application of a thin organic coating to the surface of a material for decorative, protective, or functional purposes. This article provides a detailed account of the types and selection factors of paints and the various application methods, including conventional air atomized, airless, and electrostatic spray; roller coating; dip coating; flow coating; curtain coating; tumble coating; electrocoating; and powder coating. Surface preparation methods and prepaint treatments for coating systems are also discussed. The article includes information on quality control procedures, causes of paint film defects, cost calculation, and safety and environmental precautions. The composition and characteristics of organic coatings, coating system selection factors, the types of paints for structural steel, and the applications of paint on structural steel are also reviewed.

This article discusses the occupational health hazards related to industrial protective coating application and removal. It explains the health hazards associated with coating constituents such as lead, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, silica, and asbestos. The article also discusses hazard evaluation, hazard controls, Occupational Safety and Health Administration standards, and industry consensus standards. It concludes with a description of containment systems to prevent environmental exposures from industrial paint removal projects.

The chemicals that have been used in traditional vapor degreasing have serious health and environmental hazards that have prompted the search for modified and alternative techniques. This article provides a detailed discussion on the regulatory mandates that affect the use of industrial degreasing methods. It describes the aqueous degreasing technique, which forms an attractive alternative to the traditional vapor degreasing process. The article includes information on the materials and equipment used in the process, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of hot and dip tank systems of aqueous degreasing. It explains how to convert an existing vapor degreaser to an aqueous cleaning system.

Ultrasonic cleaning involves the use of high-frequency sound waves that is above the upper range of human heating, or about 18 kHz, to remove a variety of contaminants from parts immersed in aqueous media. This article describes the process, design considerations and the equipment in ultrasonic cleaning. The components used in the generation of ultrasonic wave include piezoelectric and magnetostrictive transducers that are used in ultrasonic generators and tanks. The effects of solution type and its temperature on the effectiveness of ultrasonic cleaning are also discussed.

A wide variety of stop-off technologies for heat treatment are used to selectively prevent the diffusion of carbon and/or nitrogen during atmosphere carburizing, carbonitriding, vacuum carburizing, and various forms of nitriding. In addition to selective stop-off, technologies are also available for scale prevention in open-fired furnaces. This article describes two stop-off technologies, mechanical masking and copper plating, along with stop-off paints/compounds. Prior to the application of stop-off paints, the part surface of the furnaces should be properly cleaned and dried. The article also describes the usage of stop-off paints in different heat treating processes, namely, carburizing and carbonitriding, deep carburizing, vacuum carburizing, nitriding and nitrocarburizing, and plasma nitriding. The article concludes by reviewing the application methods of stop-off paints: brushing, dipping, dispensing, spraying and stamping.

Organic coatings are the principal means of corrosion control for the hulls and topsides of ships and for the splash zones on permanent offshore structures. This article describes surface preparation which is the most important consideration in determining the performance of organic coating systems. It contains a table that lists the uses and applicable standards for various surface preparation techniques. The article provides information on organic coatings in topside coating systems and reviews the importance of primers in the protection of steel substrates. It also explains the property requirements and the common types of immersion coatings.